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RITUAL 



OF THE 



St^ir-^panglcb fanner JVssnciattan 

of t[]t 

Pnttch ^tate of ^nt^rtca 

TOGETHER WITH 

CHARTER, CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS 

AND 

LIST OF CHARTER MEMBERS 




COPYRIGHTED BY THE 

NATIONAL SOCIETY, S. S. B. A. 

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 










GI,A401284 



%0J 



m -9 1915 



) 




FRANCIS SCOTT KEY 
"The Man Who Wrote The Star-Spangled Banner." 



I 



STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 



A WORD OF EXPLANATION. 

'T~'HE underlying purpose of the Star-Spangled Banner Association is 
*■ "the flag." The "flag" is made the particular idol of worship, 
because the flag is the symbolism of American life. 

The object of this Association is to help make the American flag and 
our American life synonymous with the loftiest of ideals and with the 
noblest of actions. To that end, the Association plans to focus public 
attention persistently on the flag, in all of its bearings, hoping thereby 
to stimulate a worthy and patriotic Americanism. 

This Ritual has been prepared by the Association as a helpful assist- 
ant in the great work that is undertaken. It is expected to serve as a 
basis upon which the constituent units of the organization can predicate 
their activities. The power of the movement, however, will be dependent 
entirely upon the force and earnestness of the personal equation. The 
Ritual will not do it all. 

If members affiliate with this Association, and do so under a sincere 
desire to render public service by working earnestly in the direction of 
an elevated American life, they will not satisfy themselves with a mere 
perfunctory enrollment. Each member will feel that he or she has 
assumed an important practical responsibility. Under the consciousness 
of that responsibility, each will, or, at least, each should, be an active 
evangelist in behalf of the Association, working on the theory that the 
multiplication of members will mean a multiplication of the units of 
influence. 

Think of the national patriotic possibilities behind an organization like 
this, if each member becomes an influence for good, and if each member 
becomes an ardent canvasser in the work of adding to the Association 
more members of like character! The possibilities stand out inspiringly; 
they invite zealous effoi-t on the part of everyone. 

The Ritual here presented is a valuable compilation. It was con- 
ceived and planned by the National Secretary. It is replete with infor- 
mation of a kind which would be difficult to find elsewhere, except at 
the cost of much money and long, vexatious research. The information 
itself is not trite. It is intensely practical, and is unquestionably timely. 

The Association was very fortunate in its discovery of a man who was 
willing to lend his talents towards making and arranging this Ritual. 
That portion of the Ritual which follows the "Opening Ceremony" is 
almost entirely the work of Mr. Clark Simpson Hobbs. His literary 
skill discloses itself in the diction of the Ritual. Mr. Hobbs gives his 
services under the impulse of patriotic interest in the Association, refus- 
ing absolutely to accept compensation. 



6 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

In preparing the Ritual, he had at his command an immense fund of 
information which had been specially collected under exceptionally favor- 
able circumstances, and which probably could not be duplicated, except 
at very great cost and labor. This information, through the efforts of 
the National Secretary, was placed gratuitously and exclusively at the 
disposal of this Association. 

The data is founded upon strictly official and authenticated records, 
gathered together in Washington, during a long period of years, by a 
man who enjoyed unusual opportunities for the secui-ement of the same. 
The man to whom this Association is under great obligation is Captain 
Bartholomew Diggins, of the United States Navy, retired. He placed 
at the Association's command all the vast accumulation of law and facts 
which he had spent years in systematically compiling; and it was from 
this valuable accumulation of law and history that Mr. Hobbs gathered 
the data from which this Ritual has been evolved. 

Captain Diggins is a veteran of the Civil War, having served under 
Farragut. He was an officer of the U. S. S. "Hartford" during those 
memorable years. Having been four times wounded in defending the 
Stars and Stripes, he quite naturally has a jealous regard for its 
sanctity, and has devoted considerable time to the collecting of data on 
its history and usages. 

The Instructions, Opening Ceremony, Constitution and By-Laws and 
the Charter are the work of the National Secretary. 

A. S. GoLDSBOROUGH, National Secretary. 




Shtstructtnns. 



STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 



INSTRUCTIONS. 

(1) The "Opening Ceremony" must be used at every regular session 
of the National, State and Local Societies. 

(2) Local Societies should arrange to have a portion of the "Ritual" 
read at each of its meetings, making it a rule to cover the entire 
reading of the "Ritual" at least once a year. 

(3) In all parts of the "Ritual" where questions and answers are 
used, the questions will be put by the presiding officer and the answers 
will be uttered in unison by all present, unless otherwise ordered. 

(4) The President is invested with authority to use the "Ritual" in 
manner and form other than that specified in these instructions, if the 
same can be done impressively and effectively. 

(5) At every public function, in which the Star-Spangled Banner 
Association figures, the President should arrange for the responsive 
reading of some portion of the Ritual, appropriate to the occasion. 

(6) On "Flag Day," June 14th, a program should be arranged, in 
which the school children will be featured, and in which as much of the 
Ritual is read as time will permit — the questions being put by some 
designated presiding officer, and the responses made by the school 
children in unison. 

(7) An effort should be made to have the Ritual used as part of the 
program in public celebrations on July 4th, Independence Day; on Sep- 
tember 14th, Star-Spangled Banner Day; on Washington's Birthday; on 
April 19th, the date on which the first gun was fired in the Revolutionary 
War; and on those particular dates observed in commemoration of any 
dead American soldiers, whether they were of the North, East, South 
or West. 

(8) Everybody should understand that the purpose of this Asso- 
ciation is one of public spirit alone. For that reason every member 
should, from the very outstart, work for the establishment of Local 
Societies in every community where fifteen or more persons, of patriotic 
tendencies, can be mustered together. 

It is the right and privilege of any member to organize a Society. 
This right and privilege should be considered as a definite and imperative 
duty. 

Any conscientious person knows what to do with a duty. 




COL. GEORGE ARMISTEAD 

The brilliant young Baltimorean who was in command of Fort McHenry when 
it was bombarded by the British, on September 14lh, 1814. 



Cipcntng diBremang. 



1 



12 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

OPENING CEREMONY. 

V ^ V T^ V 

President: What is the purpose of the Star-Spangled Banner Asso- 
ciation? 

Answer: To inspire and foster an ardent love of the American flag; 
to develop its ideals; to guard its sanctity; to weave its symbolism more 
closely into the every-day practical life of the people; to commemorate the 
events which have added lustre to its history; to teach the character 
of national life which will perpetuate its. future glory ; to honor the under- 
lying theme of the "Star-Spangled Banner;" to memorialize annually on 
September 14th the patriotism that produced that splendid anthem; to 
teach a sound, sensible, wholesome Americanism and to exemplify by 
practice what is glorified in theory. 

President: What are some of the ways in which the members of 
this Society can help further this noble purpose? 

Answer: By a close study of the Star-Spangled Banner Ritual; by 
endeavoring to influence patriotic bodies in our immediate locality and in 
our State generally, to unite in a concerted movement to secure drastic 
State and national legislation against all desecrations of the flag; by mak- 
ing the display of the flag, on important national and State holidays, a 
matter of civic duty and pride; by using our influence to have the infor- 
mation which is embodied in the Star-Spangled Banner Ritual taught with 
regularity in the public schools; by providing special meetings and patriotic 
demonstrations whereby the flag and all that it signifies m.ay be made a 
matter of community interest and enthusiasm; by accentuating the import- 
ance of observing "Flag Day," on June 14th, not merely by displaying 
the flag but also by such other proceedings and ceremonials as will bring 
out the fulness of the flag's symbolism in all of its power and all of its 
glory; by arranging for a public ceremonial on September 14th of every 
year, on which occasion the "Star-Spangled Banner" shall be sung, and 
the manner and circumstance of the song's inspiration shall be made the 
subject of special essay or address; by collecting data relative to the his- 
tory, usages, laws and heroic associations of the flag, whether connected 
with past or present periods, and placing the information at the disposal of 
the Society for the best practical uses to which it can be applied. 



OPENING CEREMONY. 13 

President: In what other way can we further this splendid purpose? 

Answer: By remembering, that the flag is but a symbol of the 
national life; that the flag typifies the character of life that is behind it; 
that the flag is noble or ignoble according to the lofty or debased American 
hfe which marks each successive period; that the flag is never finished but 
is ever in the course of making, reflecting in its good or bad the evolution 
of the nation itself ; that each and every one of us is a continuing thread in 
the weaving of the flag, and that the test as to whether we are a strong or 
weak thread is to be found in the degree and persistency of our own per- 
sonal practical patriotism; that lip service alone will not make a glorious 
flag, — devotion to the cause of civic duty being the real force that writes 
a definite beauty into the Stars and Stripes. 

President: What then is our civic duty today? 

Answer: (1 ) To swear allegiance to the highest American ideals as 
being the only true type of worthy Americanism, and (2) to prove the 
reality of that allegiance by making our daily conduct conform thereto. 

President: Are you ready now to pledge such an allegiance? 
Answer : We are. 

President: Then let us, in unision, proclaim our salute to the flag. 
Note: — Place left hand on heart and Tvith right hand point to flag 
and repeat. 

SALUTE TO THE FLAG. 
I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the republic for which it stands, 
one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. 
Note: — To he sung or read. 

ANTHEM 

The Star-Spangled Banner 
B}) Francis Scott Key. 

Oh ! say can you see by the dawn's early light. 

What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming; 
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight. 

O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming. 
And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 

Gave proof through the night, that our flag was still there. 
Oh! say, does the Star-Spangled Banner still wave. 

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? 



14 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

On the shore, dimly seen through the midst of the deep. 

Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, 
What is that, which the breeze o'er the towering steep. 

As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? 
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam; 

In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream; 
'Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh, long may it wave. 

O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. 

And where is the band that so vauntingly swore 

That the havoc of war, and the battle's confusion, 
A home and a country should leave us no more? 

Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. 
No refuge could save the hireling and slave. 

From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave ; 
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph doth wave, 

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 

Oh! thus be it ever when freemen shall stand 

Between their loved homes and foul war's desolation ; 
Blest with victory and peace may the Heaven-rescued land 

Praise the power that has made and preserved us a nation; 
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just. 

And this be our motto — "In God is our trust!" 
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave. 

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 




a. 



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18 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

PART I. 



Note: — Part I is suggested as appropriate for use on September 14, 
Star-Spangled Banner Da^. 



Question — Who was the author of the Star-Spangled Banner? 

Answer — Francis Scott Key, the only son of John Ross Key, an 
officer in the Revolutionary War. 

Q. — When was Key born and in what place? 

A. — Francis Scott Key was born on the ninth day of August, 1 780, 
at Double Pipe Creek, Frederick County, Maryland. 

Q. — What profession did the author of the "Star-Spangled Banner" 
pursue? 

A- — Francis Scott Key was trained for the legal profession. He prac- 
ticed law for a short period in Frederick County, but moved, in the year 
1804, to Georgetown, D. C, to establish himself in the practice of his 
profession in that community. 

Q. — Did Mr. Key attain to distinction in his chosen field? 

A. — Key early won recognition in legal circles for skill and ability. 
Thrice President Andrew Jackson appointed him Attorney for the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, a position which he filled with much honor. 

Q. — Did Mr. Key's talents find expression in other than legal pursuits? 

A. — This young lawyer and successful public official was, in his leisure 
time, a student of literature. There was in his nature something of the 
temperamental, an element which found expression in poetic composi- 
tion. His verses, however, though not without merit, have been so greatly 
overshadowed by his inspiring masterpiece "The Star-Spangled Banner" 
that they are little known. 

It is of further gratification to know that the author of our national an- 
them was not only talented but of lofty character. A churchman actively 
engaged in the teaching of a large Bible-class, he was a worthy example 
for the young manhood of his day. Mr. Key was a member of the Protes- 
tant Episcopal Church. 



RITUAL. 19 

Q. When was Mr. Key inspired to write the verses of our national 
anthem? 

A. — "The Star-Spangled Banner" was written on the 14th day of 
Septenmber of the year 1814, when the author, detained on board the 
British Cartel Ship Minden, had witnessed the unsuccessful bombardment 
of Fort McHenry, Baltimore, by a British fleet of invaders commanded 
by Vice-Admiral Cochrane. 

Q. — Was the invading force sufficiently formidable to make the at- 
tack one of importance? 

A. — The forces that descended upon Baltimore upon this memoTable 
occasion comprised 1 6 bomb and rocket vessels, probably the most for- 
midable hostile fleet ever in American waters. In addition, the fleet was 
giving convoy to land forces numbering 5,000 under the command of 
General Sir Robert Ross. Fresh from the continent, where, as the Duke 
of Wellington's "Invincibles", they had successfully fought against Na- 
poleon's armies in the Peninsula campaign, they were reputed to be the 
picked soldiers of Europe. Certainly in point of experience they were far 
superior to the citizen soldiers upon whom devolved the defense of the be- 
leaguered city. 

Q. — What previous success of the British force gave emphasis to the 
danger threatening Baltimore? 

A. — The British invaders were fresh from the capture of Washington, 
where they had wantonly burned the Capitol, White House and other 
public buildings in retaliation, as they claimed, for the invasion of Canada 
by American forces. 

Q. — What incident was there in connection with the invasion of the 
National Capital that directly gave rise to the circumstances making pos- 
sible our national anthem? 

A. — Following the invasion of Washington, General Ross, fearing the 
return of the American forces to cut off his retreat under cover of dark- 
ness, immediately evacuated the city, marching his men back to the fleet 
in the Patuxent River. Owing to a severe storm that raged at the time, a 
number of British soldiers became detached from the main column and 
trespassed upon the property of Dr. William Beanes, a prominent citizen 
of Upper Marlboro, in Maryland. Becoming boisterous and disorderly, 
even threatening. Dr. Beanes assumed the responsibility of ordering their 



20 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

arrest and had them confined in the Marlboro jaiL One of the soldiers, 
however, effected his escape and, overtaking his command, reported the 
episode. 

Q. — What was the result of this action on the part of Dr. Beanes> 

A. — When word of the arrest of the British soldiers was received by 
Rear-Admiral Cockburn, who was in command of the convoying vessels, 
he immediately dispatched a company of marines to take Dr. Beanes into 
custody. The doctor was accordingly apprehended, marched half-clad 
from Marlboro to the British lines, placed in irons and consigned to the 
hold of one of the vessels with the assurance that he would later be hanged. 

Q. — In what manner did Francis Scott Key become involved in this 
matter? 

A. — Mr. Richard West, a resident of Marlboro and an intimate friend 
of Dr. Beanes, carried tidings of the doctor's misfortune to Mr. Key, in 
Washington, and urgently besought him to visit the commander of the 
British forces and intercede in behalf of Dr. Beanes. 

Q. — What action did Mr. Key resolve upon? 

A. — A patriot above all else, Francis Scott Key, unmoved by the pos- 
sibility of danger to himself oi the sacrifice of his own liberty, determined 
to act in the interest of his fellow-countryman. Waiting upon President 
Madison he secured his permission to make the attempt and then hastened 
to Baltimore to intercept the British fleet. From Baltimore he was con- 
veyed to the fleet of the enemy, at the mouth of the Patuxent River, and 
with unfaltering courage boarded the flag-ship of Vice-Admiral Cockrane. 

Q. — With what success were the efforts of Mr. Key attended? 

A. — When Mr. Key arrived at his destination he was greatly relieved 
to discover that Dr. Beanes, by reason of certain humane services ren- 
dered British officers previous to his arrest, had not been hanged. Making 
the most of this disposition on the part of the British Admiral to deal 
leniently with the doctor, Mr. Key argued earnestly for his complete re- 
lease. So well did Mr. Key present his plea that 'Vice- Admiral Cockrane 
eventually announced that his prisoner would be set at liberty, but, pending 
a certain "important event" both the doctor and his intercessor would have 
to be detained on board a British vessel. Both Americans were accord- 
ingly transferred to the cartel ship Minden to await the "important event." 



RITUAL. 21 

Q. — What did Mr. Key and his companion discover to be the antici- 
pated event? 

A. — The Americans were not long held in suspense. The immediate 
movement of the enemy toward the port of Baltimore indicated all too 
plainly the purpose of the British to raid that city. Knowing the fate of 
Washington, the anxiety of the temporary prisoners for the safety of the 
metropolis of the Chesapeake, can well be imagined. Aside from their 
patriotic interest in the city as a part of their beloved country, the fact that 
both men had many intimate friends there made their distress the more 
acute. 

Q. — In the meanwhile what preparations were being made in Baltimore 
for the reception of the invaders? 

A. — All during the week following the capture of Washington, the 
citizens of Baltimore, realizing the danger of a similar descent upon their 
own city, set to work with patriotic fervor to protect the city against inva- 
sion. Ten thousand troops were mustered under the command of General 
Samuel Smith and fortifications were thrown up at various places around 
the harbor by citizens old and young, poor and rich, laboring day after 
day with pick, shovel and wheelbarrow. 

Q,. — What previous evidence of loyalty to the nation had Baltimore 
shown ? 

A. — At the outbreak of the war the merchants of Baltimore had loaned 
the bankrupt general government $3,000,000. Finding none of this was to 
be spent for the protection of their own port, they subsequently raised an 
additional half-million for the equipment of Fort McHenry, Fort Babcock 
and Fort Covington, the main defenses of Baltimore's harbor. In addi- 
tion to this they had equipped some sixty-one privateers for naval activities, 
more than any other city on the coast. Now that the approach of the 
British made an attack a certainty, there was no disposition to avoid an 
issue. As one man the citizens rallied to the defense, 

Q. — Flow did the British proceed in their movement against the city? 

A. — On September 12, Vice- Admiral Cockrane's fleet reached the 
mouth of the Patapsco. The vessels carrying the troops of General Ross 
proceeded to North Point, about twelve miles southeast of Baltimore, where 
some 4,000 troops effected a landing. While this movement was in pro- 
gress, the frigates, bomb-ketches and barges entered the river and sailed 
toward the city. 



22 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

Q. — What measures were taken by the Americans to repel the British 
landing party? 

A. — As soon as word reached General Smith and his Baltimore militia, 
augmented by a regiment of the York Volunteers, of Virginia, that the 
British had effected a landing, the Americans were eager for the encounter. 
Not satisfied to await the arrival of the enemy before the main line of de- 
fense. General John Strieker begged that he be allowed to advance with a 
skirmishing party of 3,000 men to draw the British on by a forward attack 
and gradual retreat. This plan was agreed upon and the detachment ac- 
cordingly moved forward, taking a position on the North Point Road 
where it could intercept the invaders. 

Q. — In what manner did General Ross evidence his contempt for Bal- 
timore's citizen soldiers? 

A. — Suprem.ely confident of his ability to sweep all before him, as he 
had done at Washington, General Ross contemptuously halted his advanc- 
ing forces for breakfast within a few miles of the Americans. Accompanied 
by a number of his officers he repaired to the farmhouse of Robert Gor- 
such, a well known citizen of that section, and commanded that breakfast 
be served. Gorsuch provided food for his unwelcome guests with such 
evident reluctance that General Ross, fearing his host would attempt to 
poison his party, compelled Gorsuch to taste of every dish that was served. 
As an evidence of the haughty assurance of General Ross, it is related 
that in reply to a query of Mr. Gorsuch as to whether or not he would eat 
his supper at that place, he replied: "No. I shall eat my supper in Balti- 
more or in hell." 

Q. — What move of the Americans rudely disturbed the pleasantries of 
the breakfast party? 

A. — A small detachment of about 1 50 Infantry and riflem.en, thrown 
out by General Strieker for reconnoitering purposes, came upon the Brit- 
ish while General Ross and his brother officers were yet resting. Immedi- 
ately there was an exchange of musketry, the noise of which brought the 
British officers hurrying in am.azement from the farmhouse. 

Q. — What was the first calamity that befell the British arms? 

A.— Among the first to fall before the fire of the Americans was Gen- 
eral Sir Robert Ross. Almost as soon as he had reached his position and 
had given the order to "bring up a column," he fell from his mount, mor- 



RITUAL. 23 

tally wounded, and died a few minutes later in the arms of his favorite 
aide. Sir Duncan McDougall. At his own request he was covered to keep 
his troops from recognizing him and was carried away in a cart. Tradition 
has it that General Ross fell a victim to the rifles of Daniel Wells and 
Henry C. McComas, two Baltimore youths. 

Q. — What was the outcome of the engagement? 

A. — Upon the death of General Ross, Colonel Brooke assumed com- 
mand of the British forces. Profiting by the experience of the first en- 
counter Colonel Brooke moved with extreme caution, advancing his men as 
though opposing a strong and disciplined army. From the disposition it 
was thought proper to make of the American troops, not more than 1 700 
of them were engaged in the ensuing battle. These, however, fought with 
such bravery and perseverance that they completely discomfited and baffled 
the enemy. Musketry was rapid and incessant for about an hour and a 
quarter, but both the Maryland and Virginia volunteers, unaccustomed 
though they were to the singing of threatening bullets, withstood the attacks 
of the seasoned veterans of Europe with disconcerting coolness. The de- 
spised militia, indeed, proved too much for the invaders. With their com- 
mander dead and hundreds falling before the accurate fire of the defend- 
ers, the British soon became disheartened, ceased firing and withdrew to 
their point of landing. 

Q. — While these events were transpiring on land what move was made 
by Vice- Admiral Cockrane to subdue the harbor defenses? 

A. — On Tuesday morning, the thirteenth of September, the first division 
of the enemy's fleet, consisting of six bomb-ketches, some rocket ships, 
barges, and a number of frigates, sixteen vessels in all, were formed in a 
semicircle before Fort McHenry and began bombardment. As their posi- 
tion was about two and a half miles from the fort, the range was too great 
for the forty-two pounders of the defense. The gallant battalion of artil- 
lery manning the fortification was, consequently, subjected to a rain of 
rockets and bombs without the means of making effective reply. Notwith- 
standing this disheartening situation, under the inspiring leadership of 
Colonel George Armistead, who was at that time but thirty-five years of 
age, the garrison restrained its im.patience under the terrific stress of the 
attack and waited anxiously for the enemy to close in. 

Q. — Flow long did the British commander maintain this m.ethod of 
attack? 



24 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

A. — Until nightfall the British squadron, from its safe vantage point, 
rained shot and shell upon the little fort and its brave defenders. It has 
been estimated that more than 1 ,500 bombs were discharged at the fort 
during this time. A circumstance that nfiade the safety of the garrison ex- 
tremely precarious was the unprotected condition of the magazines of the 
fortification. Colonel Armistead could but conjecture the fate of his men 
should a shell of the enemy fall on his store of ammunition. The courage 
of no group of patriots has ever been more rigorously tested than that of 
the garrison of Fort McHenry during this galling bombardment ; yet, to the 
chagrin of the British squadron, there was no intimation of submission. 

Q. — What change in the tactics of Admiral Cockrane did this stub- 
born resistance effect? 

A. — Exasperated by the undaunted front shown by the fort. Admiral 
Cockrane determined to close in upon the fortification under cover of dark- 
ness and overwhelm it by the force of his attack. This movement was 
just what the defense was hoping for as it brought the attacking vessels 
within the range of the fort. As soon as Admiral Cockrane had put his 
decision into execution firing became incessant on both sides. The blazing 
guns of the naval semicircle, extending several miles north, east and south 
of the fort, were ans^vered with persistence and spirit by the courageous 
Americans. A battery planted at the Lazaretto on the north side of the 
harbor, a six-gun battery and Fort Covington on the Patapsco south 
branch, brought their artillery into action and made the enemy uncom- 
fortably aware of their presence. 

Q. — What exciting incident of the night attack turned the tide of battle 
to the advantage of the defense? 

A. — In the midst of this fierce cannonade the British dispatched twelve 
hundred and fifty picked men in barges and rocket vessels to steal past the 
south side of the fort, and attempt an attack upon the garrison and the ex^ 
posed city from the rear. Braving the shower of shells from the fort these 
strategists made their way to what they thought was a point of safety. 
Overjoyed with their fancied success they gave voice to cheers and threw 
up rockets by way of rejoicing. This indiscretion disclosed their position to 
the garrisons of two small forts, Covington and Babcock, which immedi- 
ately directed a pitiless fire upon the intruders. One of the barges was 
sunk with all on board and the remainder were hastily withdrawn to the 
protection of the squadron. The disaster attending this attempted strategy 
induced the enemy to retire somewhat precipitously to its first position be- 



RITUAL. : 25 

yond the range of the defense. At this safe distance, though battered and 
crippled, the fleet continued the bombardment through the night hours, 
ceasing only when daylight streaked the east. 

Q. — What was the experience of Francis Scott Key and his friend Dr. 
Beanes during these fateful hours? 

A. — From the deck of the Minden, Mr. Key and Dr. Beanes watched 
with sickening anxiety the terrific attempts of the invaders to subdue the gal- 
lant defenders of their country. While there was daylight to reveal the 
courageous response of the little fortress to the unceasing fire of the British, 
hope stirred in their hearts. When night fell as a pall to shroud in un- 
certainty the fate of their countrymen, hope was paralyzed by a fearful 
suspense. Bombs and rockets flared through the night carrying they knew 
not how much destruction to their fellow patriots. Their anxiety was multi- 
plied an hundredfold, when by reason of its ineffective range the fort ceased 
firing and they could no longer hear the reassuring booming of its guns. So 
the long, wretched hours of the night passed until, just before morning, the 
British vessels abruptly ceased the cannonade. What could this mean? 
Had the garrison yielded.? Were the British in possession of the city? 
With such conjectures torturing their minds the two Americans paced the 
hated deck of the Minden, awaiting whatever disclosures daylight might 
bring. 

Q- — What ^vas the glorious revelation of the dawn and what its effect 
upon Mr. Key? 

A. — As the first illumination of the breaking day filtered through the 
smoke-thickened mists of dawn, Francis Scott Key and his companion 
strained their anxious gaze in the direction of the battle-scarred fort. 
Imagine the elation that must have thrilled them when they saw dimly but 
surely the unmistakable evidence of the unyielding courage of their gallant 
countrymen — the Stars and Stripes floating in proud defiance above the 
fort. In the exaltation that flooded the soul of Francis Scott Key in that 
sublim.e moment was born an inspiration that with remarkable facility found 
expression in verse. Aflame with patriotic fervor, he jotted down on the 
back of a letter a hasty outline of that stirring tribute to the defend- 
ers of Baltimore, an immortal panegyric to the flag of his native land. In 
that happy moment he conceived that gem of poetic phrases, "The Star- 
Spangled Banner". No figure of speech could more aptly describe our 
beloved ensign. 



26 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

Q. — Under what circumstances did Mr. Key complete his poem? 

A — Interrupted in the draughting of his verses by the execution of Ad- 
miral Cockrane's order, that he and Dr. Beanes be sent ashore, Mr. Key 
was compelled to complete his poem while being rowed to shore in the 
tender of the Minden. 

Q. — How did Key's poem reach the public? 

A. — Proceeding to Baltimore, after his release, Mr. Key, later in the 
day, wrote out a complete copy of his verses which he showed to Judge 
Nicholson, of Baltimore, who had been engaged in the defense of Fort 
McHenry. The judge, being greatly impressed by the poem, carried it to 
a printer and had copies of it printed and distributed. That evening it was 
sung to the tune of "Anacreon in Heaven" on the stage of the Holliday 
Street Theatre in Baltimore. Thus introduced, it circulated rapidly 
throughout the country, shortly afterward being played by a United States 
Military band in New Orleans. 

Q. — What was the date and place of Mr. Key's death. 

A. — Key died in the year 1 843, in Baltimore, while visiting his eldest 
daughter, who resided in that city. 

Q. — What special honor is paid the remains of Francis Scott Key? 

A. — Over the grave of Key in the Mount Olivet Cemetery, Frederick, 
Maryland, where he rests by his own request, "neath the shades of the 
everlasting hills," a large national flag is kept floating day and night, never 
being lowered except to be replaced by a new one. 

Q. — Now that we know the picturesque and heroic circumstances which 
inspired the writing of the "Star-Spangled Banner," what influence, if any, 
did the British repulse at Baltimore have on the status of the war itself? 

A. — Prior to this battle attempted peace negotiations had been started 
at Ghent. Preceding land reverses and the sacking at Washington had 
made the British Commissioners very arrogant and self-assertive in their 
demands. They insisted upon terms which were intolerable to the Ameri- 
can Commissioners. So confident did the British feel, that they treated the 
Americans with very scant courtesy. It looked as though the Ghent Peace 
Conference would adjourn under failure. 

Then came the defeat of British soldiers and navy at Baltimore. 



RITUAL. 27 

When the news reached England, the ministry decided to conclude 
peace, and soon afterward the Treaty of Ghent was signed. All their 
plans, which had been based on the expected triumph of Ross and Cock- 
burn, had come to naught. America, instead of being divided, was 
united. Soldiers, before whom the troops of the brilliant Napoleon had 
retreated, had been held at bay by "citizen soldiers" of America, behind 
the fortifications of Baltimore. Sailors, who had fought in the Battle of 
the Nile and at Trafalgar, had been repulsed by a handful of brave 
Americans, behind the breastworks of Fort McHenry. 

The second war for independence was thus made successful. No 
longer would Britain attempt to treat the United States as an inferior 
nation, and to harass its commerce on the seas. America's record of failure 
on land had been redeemed by a brilliant success. 

North Point was the Yorktown of the War of 1812. It convinced the 
British that further efforts to subjugate the Americans were useless. 

Q. — Has the "Star-Spangled Banner" ever been officially designated 
as the national anthem? 

A. — Although both the army and navy in their regulations specifically 
mention "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the "National Air," the con- 
gress of the United States has never designated a national hymn. 

Q. — What air other than the "Star-Spangled Banner" has received 
popular recognition? 

A. — "America" was long considered our national anthem and was so 
used by the army and navy. 

Q. — What embarrassment attended the use of this melody as our official 
anthem? 

A. — The tune to which "America" is sung, had already been adopted 
by England as her natignal anthem sometime after the middle of the 
eighteenth century. Later, Prussia, Russia, Switzerland and our own 
nation substantially in the order named, adopted the same tune while Ba- 
varia, Brunswick, Hanover, Norway, Saxony, Weimar and Wurttemberg 
also had patriotic hymns adapted to this composition. This almost univer- 
sal use of the same melody led to much confusion and embarrassment in 
exchange of courtesies by vessels of these various nations, especially when 
paying honors to the flags of two or more of these countries in the same 
port. 



28 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

Q. — What nation made the first effort to remedy this confusion? 

A. — In 1830 Russia made the first effort to avoid the confusion of her 
national anthem with those of other nations. In that year Nicholas I 
opened an imperial competition for a suitable composition, which resulted 
in the adoption of the beautiful hymn now used by that nation. 

Q. — By what action did the United States attempt to give its national 
anthem individuality? 

A. — In our own country, the Navy Department took steps in the year 
1 889 to break away from custom and choose an air more typically Ameri- 
can. The result of this effort was the adoption of "The Star-Spangled 
Banner" for band music at morning "colors," and "Hail Columbia" for 
evening "colors." Later it was prescribed that "The Star-Spangled Ban- 
ner" should be played at both morning and evening "colors." 

Q. — What special distinction is given "The Star-Spangled Banner" in 
Army and Navy practice? 

A. — The official regulations of both the Army and Navy prescribe that 
all officers and men shall stand at attention whenever the "Star-Spangled 
Banner" is played, such position being maintained until the last note of the 
anthem has been sounded. 




'^nvt Z 



30 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

PART II. 



Note: — Part II is suggested as being appropriate to use on June 14, 
Flag Day, and on July 4, Independence Day. 



Q._What is a flag? 

A. — A flag is a cloth material capable of being extended by the wind, 
bearing a device or design symbolical of some fact. 

Q. — Where is the flag supposed to have originated? 

A- — It is said that the Saracens were the first to make use of a waving 
flag|. Previous to this device ensigns of war were extended on wood. 

Q. — For what reason should a national flag be held in veneration? 

A. — To the patriot the flag stands for all that is best in the traditions 
of his country, its glory, its honor, its noblest manhood and womanhood. 

Q. — What is the purpose of this organization? 

A. — The National Star-Spangled Banner Association was instituted to 
promote a more general veneration for the emblem of our blood-bought 
liberties and national integrity; to suggest the avoidance of those indigni- 
ties toward the national colors which are the outgrowth of carelessness or 
ignorance ; to inspire a loftier patriotism in the hearts of our fellow country- 
men to the end that we and they may be moved to the dedication of our 
finest qualities to the service of our nation. 

Q. — By what means do we hope to promote this deeper veneration for 
our flag? 

A. — By fostering in the hearts of our people a love for our traditions 
and principles ; by teaching the proper uses of our flag through precept and 
example; by creating within the minds of the youth of our nation through 
proper instruction, a conception of the dignity that rightfully belongs to 
the emblem of our government, the symbol of a united citizenship. 

Q. — When was the flag of the United States, in its present form, 
officially authorized? 



RITUAL. 31 

A. — The American flag, in substance as it is today, was first officially 
authorized on the fourteenth day of June, in the year 1 777, when the 
American Congress, assembled in the city of Philadelphia, "Resolved: — 
That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes alternate red 
and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, represent- 
ing a new constellation." 

Q. — Did the adoption of the flag at that time convey a deeper signifi- 
cance than the merely formal authorization of a national emblem? 

A. — In the early days just succeeding the attaining of our national in- 
dependence it is an unfortunate fact that there developed on the part of 
many of the colonists an attitude of indifference toward the problems con- 
fronting those who had at heart the formation of a central government. 
Patriotism in those trying days partook more of a local than a national 
character. The situation called for earnest action and the creation of a 
national emblem, it was hoped, would serve to unite the colonists more 
effectually in a common cause. It presented a material inspiration which 
^v•as sorely needed. 

Q. — What had b«en the custom of the colonists, as regards the use of 
flags, previous to this time? 

A. — There had been no uniformity in the use of emblems during the 
Revolutionary period. Each state and sometimes the several sections of a 
state sent troops to the front under banners of their own devices. The em- 
barrassment attending this multiplicity of ensigns was another of the condi- 
tions potential in moving the congress of 1777 to the adoption of a uniform 
standard. 

Q. — ^What patriots were foremost in the efforts to establish a national 
flag? 

A. — The initiative in the promulgation of the idea of a national em- 
blem was taken by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Lynch and Benjamin 
Harrison. 

Q. — What was the result of their efforts? 

A. — Assembling at the Continental Camp in Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts, while the British were still in possession of Boston, those gentlemen 
gave to this matter their mature deliberation and recommended the adop- 
tion of a flag combining the Union Jack, or King's Colors, — an ac- 



32 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

knowledgment of the sovereignty of England — with thirteen stripes of al- 
ternate red and white, symbohc of the union of the colonies. 

Q. — Was this flag adopted as a standard by the Continental forces? 

A. — While there was no general adoption of this emblem it was used in 
a number of instances by the colonial forces. This flag was hoisted for 
the first time on the second day of January in the year 1 776, over the Con- 
tinental Camp at Cambridge, and a similar flag was carried upon the ves- 
sels of Arnold's fleet during the naval operations on Lake Champlain dur- 
ing the same year. 

Q. — Were the alternating red and white stripes originated in the Cam- 
bridge flag? 

A. — The origin of the thirteen red and white stripes antedates the de- 
sign of Doctor Franklin and his associates at Cambridge. The continental 
origm of this symbol of the union of the thirteen colonies is an adaptation 
of the red and white in the coat of arms of General George Washington. 

Q. — What record is there of the previous use of this arrangement of 
stripes? 

A. — In 1 775, Captain Abraham Markoe, presented to the Light Horse 
of Philadelphia, which he then commanded, a standard bearing in its upper 
right-hand corner, a union of thirteen stripes of alternate white and blue. 
There is no record of an earlier use of the stripes on an Am.erican flag. 

Q. — ^Is there any record of a public use of a flag bearing a blue field 
with white stars previous to the resolution of June, 1 776? 

A. — Despite tradition and claims to the contrary, there is no satisfactory 
evidence that such a flag existed. 

Q. — When did the first official flag make its appearance? 

A. — Although the resolution adopting the Stars and Stripes was passed 
in June, 1 777, the law regarding the flag was not promulgated until the 
third day of the September following. It has been authoritatively estab- 
lished that the new emblem made its first appearance on September the 
eleventh, at the battle of Brandy wine. 

Q. — Was the resolution of 1777 the first action of Congress in refer- 
ence to a national flag? 

A. — On the twenty-eighth day of October, 1 776, the Continental Con- 
gress passed a resolution designating a pennant — in those days called a 



RITUAL. 33 

pendant — by which governmental vessels should be distinguished from pri- 
vate craft. Congress did not describe or designate by terms of any sort 
just what this distinguishing flag should be, and there is no record today 
that tells us what that pennant was. 

Q. — When did the Stars and Stripes receive first recognition by a 
foreign power? 

A. — It is generally accepted that the ship Ranger, in February of 1 778, 
commanded by Captain John Paul Jones, in a French port, carried the 
first United States standard to be saluted by foreign naval vessels. The 
salute, however, was anything but enthusiastically given. John Paul Jones 
arrived at Nantes, France, on the first of December, 1 777, and from 
Nantes sailed Quiberon Bay under the protection and convoy of the French 
fleet commanded by Admiral LaMotte Piquet, who, only after consider- 
able correspondence, was persuaded by Jones to salute the American flag, 
two months and a half after his arrival, on the thirteenth of February, 
1778. 

Q. — Is there any record of recognition having been accorded an 
American emblem antedating the Stars and Stripes? 

A. — On the sixteenth of September, 1 776, the Brig "Andrea Doria," 
commanded by Captain Robinson, called at St. Eustalia, a Dutch port, 
bearing a flag of American design. Captain Robinson, upon entering the 
port, fired a salute to the Dutch flag. The Governor, more courteous than 
diplomatic, returned the salutation, thereby incurring the wrath of his gov- 
ernment. As a result of his indiscretion, he was removed from office. 

Q. — Has our navy always enjoyed prompt recognition in the exchange 
of courtesies? 

A. — In the early days of our naval experiences the presence of our flag 
on the high seas was not looked upon with enthusiastic favor by European 
powers. An incident related of the experience of the old Frigate "Consti- 
tution," while cruising European waters during the years 1825 to 1828, 
is illustrative of the attitude assumed toward our flag at that time. 

On July fourth, 1827, the "Constitution," accompanied by the "War- 
ren," was lying in the Bay of Smyrna, in the presence of English, French, 
Dutch and Austrian ships. As related in "Sketches of Naval Life," the 
Americans were filled with conjectures as to how the "stiff-necked" 
monarchists would regard the celebration of the American Day of Inde- 
pendence. In the morning the Stars and Stripes were run up at each 



34 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION, 

masthead, but no notice was taken of it by the foreign vessels. As 
noon approached, the hour for the "Meridian Salute," Commodore Ham- 
ilton, of the British Ship "Cambrian", visited the "Constitution" and apolo- 
gized to Captain Patterson, comm.anding, for his inability to notice the 
same "as it might be contrary to the wishes of his government." At noon 
the Americans fired the salute, first the "Constitution" and then the 
"Warren." There was no response. The Dutch ship had previously 
made preparations for firing but now all was quiet. A half hour passed 
and there being no evidence of a reply, the Americans, filled with indigna- 
tion, turned in for dinner. Then the unexpected happened. Just as the 
holiday toasts were being passed the booming of the "Cambrian's" guns 
was heard. Commodore Hamilton had changed his mind. Gratified beyond 
measure the Americans immediately raised the English ensign and returned 
the salute. The French ship followed, then the Austrian and then the 
Dutch. The Dutch fired seventeen guns, the rest fifteen, that number being 
the monarchical salute of two guns less for a republic. Toward evening 
the American flag was raised at the foremast-head of all the national ships 
in port. An interesting feature of the incident was occasioned by a mis- 
take of the American gunner in firing one gun too many in returning the 
English salute. When the evening salute was given the British vessel re- 
turned the "excess" gun. 

Q. — What was the first plan for altering the flag to designate the ad- 
mission of additional states to the union? 

A. — Vermont and Kentucky, the first additions to the original thirteen 
states, were admitted to the union in 1791 and 1792. On January the 
thirteenth, 1794, Congress enacted the following: "That from and after 
the first day of May, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five, the flag 
of the United States be fifteen stripes alternate red and white; that the 
union be fifteen stars, white in a blue field." The plan adopted, therefore, 
provided for the addition of both star and stripe for each state admitted to 
the union. 

Q. — How long did the flag retain this form? 

A. — The flag remained as outlined in the resolution of 1 794 until the 
year 1818. 

Q. — What occasioned the abandonment of the original plan? 

A. — By the year 1818 five states had been added to the union — Ten- 
nessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, and Mississippi. Had the precedent es- 



RITUAL. 35 

tablished by the act of 1 794 prevailed, the flag would have carried twenty 
stars and as many stripes. It was recognized that this plan was becoming 
awkward in practice and after considerable discussion Congress, on the 
fourth of April, 1818 approved "An act to establish the flag of the United 
States," in which it was enacted that the thirteen original stripes be restored 
and that one star be added to the union of the flag upon the admission of 
each additional state. 

Q. — To whom is credit due for the adoption of this method of 
alteration? 

A. — The Congressional committee having in charge the preparation of 
the act of 1818 selected Captain Samuel Chester Reid to assist in prepar- 
ing a proper design for the flag. It was his suggestion that brought about 
a return to the original stripes authorized by the Congress of 1777 and it 
was his idea that a star be added to the union of the flag for each new 
state and that it appear upon the flag upon the fourth of July next follow- 
ing the admission, another feature of the 1818 enactment. It was the 
desire of Captain Reid to make the flag a record of our national beginning 
and an index of our growth. 

Q. — What public service recommended Captain Reid for so important 
a commission? 

A. — Captain Reid had won the plaudits not only of his countrymen but 
of the world by his gallant and successful defense of the flag against a 
British fleet four years previous to this time, in the harbor of Fayal, while 
commanding the privateer General Armstrong. It was, therefore, quite 
appropriate that this valiant defender of the colors should be summoned to 
assist in determining the permanent form of the flag. 

Q. — Was provision made for the arrangement of the stars in the union 
of the flag? 

A. — While Congress prescribed the number of stars to be carried in the 
union of the flag at that time and provided for future additions, it did not 
then and no Congress has since that time, stated how the stars should be 
arranged. 

Q. — ^What forms have been employed in the disposition of the stars? 

A. — In 1 777, the stars formed a circle upon the blue union. In 1 795, 
they were placed in three horizontal rows — five stars in each row — verti- 
cally over one another. For a time during the year 1818, the stars were 



36 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

arranged in the form of a single five-pointed star but were subsequently 
disposed in four horizontal rows of five stars each, and this general arrange- 
ment in rows has commonly prevailed since that time on official flags. 

Q. — Was there any variation in the design of the flag as used in the 
naval and military departments of the government? 

A. — Until the year 1 896 there was no uniformity in the arrangement 
of the stars in the flags used by the army and navy. The number of rows 
in the union and the number of stars in each row differed in the two 
services. 

Q. — Who were instrumental in bringing about uniformity in this regard? 

A. — In 1 896, Secretary Lamont of the War Department, and Sec- 
retary Herbert of the Navy Department, agreed upon a uniform disposi- 
tion of the stars in the union of both the naval and military flags, thereby 
establishing a precedent that has been followed by their successors when- 
ever the admission of a new state has necessitated a rearrangement of the 
union. 

Q. — Has the question of the arrangement of the stars in the union ever 
been reopened since the adoption of the horizontal rows? 

A. — When Oklahoma was admitted to statehood in 1 908, a board of 
army and naval officials considered numerous designs for the symmetrical 
arrangement of the stars, many of which differed radically from the arrange- 
ment in horizontal rows. After due deliberation it \vas decided that the 
existing method of disposition should not be changed. 

Q. — What is the order in which the states were admitted to the union? 

A. — The Constitution of the United States was ratified by the thirteen 
original states in the following order: 

1 . — Delaware December 7, 1 787. 

2. — Pennsylvania December 12, 1787. 

3. — New Jersey December 18, 1 787. 

4. — Georgia January 2, 1 788. 

5. — Connecticut January 9, 1788. 

6. — Massachusetts February 6, 1788. 

7.— Maryland April 28, 1 788. 

8.— South Carolina May 23, 1 788. 

9. — New Hampshire.. . .June 21, 1788. 



RITUAL. 37 



10. — Virginia June 26, 1 788. 

1 1 .—New York July 26. 1 788. 

12.— North Caroline. . . November 21, 1789. 
1 3.— Rhode Island May 29, 1 790. 



States have been admitted to the Union in the following order: 

^—Vermont March 4. 1 791 . 

2.— Kentucky June 1 , 1 792. 

3. — Tennessee June 1, 1 796. 

4._Ohio February 19, 1803. 

5. — Louisiana April 30, 1812. 

6. — Indiana December 11, 1816. 

7. — Mississippi December 10, 1817. 

8. — Illinois December 3, 1818. 

9.— Alabama December 14, 1819. 

10.— Maine March 15, 1820. 

1 1 . — Missouri August 10, 1 82 1 . 

12. — Arkansas June 15, 1836. 

13. — Michigan January 26, 1837. 

1 4.— Florida March 3, 1 845. 

1 5. — Texas December 29, 1 845. 

1 6. — Iowa December 28, 1 846. 

1 7.— Wisconsin May 29, 1 848. 

18. — California September 9, 1850. 

1 9.— Minnesota May 11,1 858. 

20.— Oregon February 14. 1859. 

2 1 . — Kansas January 29, 1861. 

22.— West Virginia June 19, 1863. 

23.— Nevada October 31, 1864. 

24.— Nebraska March 1 , 1 867. 

25. — Colorado August 1, 1876. 

26.— North Dakota November 2, 1889. 

27.— South Dakota November 2, 1889. 

28. — Montana November 8, 1 889. 

29.— Washington November 11,1 889. 

30.— Idaho July 3, 1890. 

31 .—Wyoming July 11,1 890. 



38 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

32.— Utah January 4, 1 896. 

33._Oklahoma November 1 6, 1 907. 

34. — New Mexico January 6, 1912. 

35. — Arizona February 14, 1912. 



fart 3 



40 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

PART III. 



Note: — Part III is suggested as appropriate to use on April 19, the 
date on which the first citizen soldiery in the Colonies opened fire in behalf 
of American freedom. 



Q. — By what terms is the flag officially designated in the naval and 
military departments of the government? 

A. — In the Navy the national emblem is distinguished from all other 
flags by the term "Ensign." In the Army the term "Colors" is commonly 
used for the same purpose. 

Q. — By what ceremonies is the sacredness of the Stars and Stripes and 
that of which it is emblematic impressed upon those serving in the United 
States Army? 

A. — The regulations for the army prescribe that the flag be hoisted at 
the sounding of the first note of the "reveille" (at sunrise) or, if a march 
be played before "reveille," upon the sounding of the first note of the 
march. The flag is lowered at sundown as the last note of the "retreat" is 
played. While the flag is descending it is prescribed that the band shall 
play "The Star-Spangled Banner" or, if there be no band present, that 
the field music shall sound "to the colors." Officers and men out of ranks 
face toward the flag and salute with the hand, if unarmed, or with weap- 
ons, if armed. 

Q. — What honors are paid the flag in the practice of the Navy? 

A- — The regulations for the United States Navy call for the following 
ceremonies at the raising and lowering of the flag on board all ships in 
commission and at naval stations: "The field music and the band, if there 
be one, shall be present: At morning "colors" the band shall play "The 
Star-Spangled Banner" at the beginning of which the ensign shall be started 
up and hoisted smartly to the peak or truck. All officers and men shall 
face the ensign and stand at attention, and sentries under arms shall come 
to the position of "Present" while the national air is being played. At the 
end of the national air all officers and men shall salute, ending the cere- 
mony." A similar procedure is prescribed for the lowering of the flag, 
termed "sunset colors." 



RITUAL. 41 

Q. What is the custom in the navy in the matter of celebrating our 
hohdays while in foreign ports or of participating in the national obser- 
vances of the port visited? 

A. — International propriety demands that the ships of any nation visiting 
the port of a friendly power, or in the presence of foreign ships of war, 
shall, upon the occasion of a national anniversary, or solemnity, give due 
notice of the manner of celebration or observance to the port officials or, in 
the case of war vessels, to the senior officer of the ship or ships of each 
nationality represented. Should any foreign authorities or ships participate 
in the celebration or solemnity by firing salutes, or otherwise, an officer is 
sent, upon its completion, to return thanks for the courtesy. Upon receiving 
proper notice of a celebration on the part of the visited port or nearby war 
vessels of a friendly nation, the ships of our navy, in conformity with navy 
rules, would "full dress" or "dress" ship with the foreign national ensign at 
the main, and fire such salutes as are fired by the foreign authorities, or 
ships, not, however, exceding twenty-one guns. 

Q. — What is the practice in the army as regards the time for raising 
and lowering the flag? 

A. — The flag is raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. 

Q. — In what respect do the regulations of the navy, for raising and 
lowering the flag, differ as compared with those of the army? 

A. — The national ensign on board a ship of the navy, at anchor, is 
hoisted without regard to sunrise but at the hour of eight, and if the weather 
permit, is kept flying until sunset. When ships of the navy are at sea and 
out of sight of land, the ensign is not displayed. 

Q. — What is the peculiar reason for raising the flag on naval vessels 
at 8 A. M. rather than sunrise? 

A. — This nation borrowed most of its naval ceremonies from the Brit- 
ish Navy, this among them. Its origin dates back to the early days of 
naval history in England, when the military authorities took precedence al- 
ways over the men of the sea. In those days the principal seaports were 
completely under military control, even the national ships being denied en- 
trance or exit therefrom between a certain hour in the evening and a pre- 
scribed time in the morning. It is quite probable, England being a north- 
ern country, the port officials established eight o'clock for the opening of 
their harbors as an average hour to cover the lateness of daybreak during 



42 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

the winter season. As the raising of the flag on shipboard was the symbol 
of the naval commander's authority rather than that of the nationality of 
the craft, and as this was not assumed until he was at liberty to sail and 
pass beyond the superior jurisdiction of the port officials, it is probable the 
custom of raising the flag at the hour of eight originated in this manner. 
On the other hand, the flag, as a token of the dominance of the military 
commander of the port, was hoisted as soon as the dawn broke and re- 
mained flying until sunset, or the hour set for the closing of the port. 

Q. — In navy practice what exceptions are made to the rule requiring 
that the flag shall be raised at 8 A. M. ? 

A. — When a ship of the navy enters a port at night she hoists her en- 
sign at daylight, for a short time, that the authorities of the port and other 
ships of war present may determine her nationality. Under such circum- 
stances such other ships of war as may be present make a similar display 
of their ensigns. When so displayed the flag is not accorded the honors 
prescribed for morning "colors." 

In the event of an American man-of-war being present in a foreign port 
where a foreign vessel, or station, by reason of some celebration hoists its 
flag at sunrise, international courtesy would prompt the American com- 
mander to do the same. On such an occasion the customary ceremony is 
observed. 

Q. — Is there any satisfactory reason for omitting the hoisting of colors 
on ships of the navy at sea? 

A. — In times of war such practice might be sanctioned for strategic 
reasons, but in times of peace there would seem to be no very good reason 
why our ships should not carry daily the token of their national purpose. 

The custom probably originated in those ancient days when vessels hid 
their identity until sure of the character of approaching ships. 

Q. — Under what circumstances is exception made to the rule that the 
flag should be lowered at sunset? 

A. — Army and Navy regulations require that the flag shall be carried 
throughout an engagement with an enemy, day or night. In the navy a 
signal lantern is hoisted over the ensign at nightfall to make its presence 
clear. 

Q. — In what notable instances has the national emblem been allowed 
to fly after sundown on our naval vessels without the significance of an en- 
gagement with an enemy? 



RITUAL. 43 

A. — The rule never to fly the Stars and Stripes after sundown has been 
set aside in several instances to indicate abandonment. When the U. S. S. 
"Cumberland" was sunk by the Confederate Ship "Merrimac", in Hamp- 
ton Roads, in July, 1 862, the ensigns were left flying. As her mastheads 
were about thirty feet above water, her colors flew until the last thread of 
them was whipped away by the wind. For years after, when passing that 
spot, vessels never failed to dip their colors and toll their bells. 

In March, 1 889, during the fearful storm in the harbor of Apia, 
Samoa, when fourteen vessels, including three of our own ships of war, 
were driven upon the shore and battered to pieces by the terrific sea, Rear- 
Admiral Kimberley, realizing that his flag-ship the "Trenton" was doomed, 
ordered the band paraded and while the strains of "Hail Columbia" and 
the "Star-Spangled Banner" sounded defiance to the gale, the Stars and 
Stripes were hoisted for the last time at the peak of his ship. 

When the old sloop-of-war "Kearsarge" was wrecked on Roncador in 
the Caribbean Sea, in February of 1894, she was abandoned with her 
flag still flying. 

On the morning after the U. S. S. "Maine" was sunk in Havana har- 
bor, in February, 1 898, the national flag was hoisted over her shattered 
wreck to betoken that she still belonged to us and was not forsaken though 
physically abandoned. 

Q. — Has there been an occasion when the flying of the flag after night- 
fall had a more cheerful significance than abandonment? 

A. — The permanent display of the colors is sometimes resorted to as an 
indication of the dominance of the nation. When the Midway Island, in 
the Pacific, was taken possession of in the name of the United States by 
Captain Reynolds of the U. S. S. "Lackawanna," in 1 868, a flag made 
of sheet copper, painted in colors in proper form, was fastened to a spare 
top-gallant mast planted as a flagpole, and remained aloft night and day 
until time disposed of it. Its purpose was to serve notice on all nations 
that the island was the property of the United States. 



fart 4 



46 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

PART IV. 



Q. — What is the character of the naval and mihtary ceremony termed 
"dipping the colors?" 

A. — To dip or lower the colors was one of the earliest forms of show- 
ing courtesy to a passing ship, although this salute is undoubtedly military 
in its origin. In the army the dip is effected by lowering the staff to a 
nearly horizontal position. On shipboard a similar effect is obtained by 
permitting the flag to fall a certain distance from the top of the mast or 
fixed pole upon which it was hoisted. At one time the salute was con- 
sidered a full one only when the colors were actually dipped until they 
touched the water. Today the salute is considered complete if the Hag be 
lowered the full length of the ensign staff or, if carried at the peak, low- 
ered half way to the deck. 

Q. — What restrictions pertain in the army and navy with reference to 
the practice of "dipping the colors?" 

A. — In conformity with the official regulations for the United States 
Army and Navy, the national flag is never dipped by a fort or naval station 
and only by naval vessels as a courtesy to a foreign vessel or in acknowl- 
edgment of a similar courtesy, under which circumstances it is returned dip 
for dip. 

Q. — What exception worthy of note has been made to this restriction? 

A. — The only exception to this regulation is the naval order prescribing 
honors to be paid by government vessels when passing Washington's home 
at Mount Vernon, Virginia, and Grant's Tomb, on the Hudson River. 

Q. — What is the practice among merchant craft in the matter of dip- 
ping colors? 

A. — It is the custom for merchantmen of all nations to dip their colors 
when passing, or when passed by, ships of war. The naval vessel is ex- 
pected to return the salute in like form. 

Q. — Has failure of a war vessel to dip its colors in response to the 
salute of a merchantman ever occasioned complaint? 

A. — The Captain of the British steamer "Strabo," in January, 1894, 
made a public complaint against the U. S. S. "New York" for having 



RITUAL. 47 

failed to return his salutation. The matter was not serious tut served to 
call attention to the exactions of maritime courtesy. In earlier days a 
merchantman had no reason to expect a reply to such a salute. The obli- 
gation was entirely upon the merchant ship. Failure to show proper 
courtesy on its part would have brought a remonstrance in the shape of 
round shot. 

Q. — In the event of the capture of a merchant vessel by a ship of war, 
has the capturing vessel the right to haul down the ensign of the captured 
ship? 

A^ — A merchant vessel, though captured by a ship of war, has a right 
to fly her own ensign but under that of the captor's. The reason for this is 
a legal one. Technically, a prize vessel does not become the property of 
the victor until duly condemned by a prize court. The proposition, how- 
ever, gives rise to many delicate questions when the rights of neutral nations 
are involved. 

Q. — ^What is the military ceremony known as "Trooping the Colors?" 

A. — "Trooping the Colors" is a ceremonial better known in Europe than 
in this country as it is seldom performed by American troops. The cere- 
mony as exemplified on the White House lot in Washington, D. C, in the 
summer of 1895, by the entire District Militia, is described as follows: 
The troops were drawn up in brigade formation with the band and fife 
and drum corps stationed on the extreme right flank. At the proper mo- 
ment the band and field musicians, discoursing martial music, marched 
down the front of the line and back to their first position. The brigade 
formation was then dismissed, the battalion standards were brought for- 
ward under escort and aligned facing the column. The band then marched 
to a position just opposite and, while it played the "Star-Spangled Banner" 
the infantry was trooped past the colors saluting in due form. 

Q. — What significance attaches to the flag flying in an inverted position? 

A. — To hoist the national flag upside down is a recognized signal of 
distress and a call for aid. 

Q. — What meaning would be attached to the display of a foreign en- 
sign in an inverted position? 

A^, — The hoisting of the national flag of a foreign nation upside down 
has sometimes been resorted to by the enemies of such nation as a chal- 
lenge or an evidence of contempt for the nation whose flag is so displayed. 



48 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

There is no official sanction for such procedure, and the practice would 
hardly be resorted to by nations observing the customary niceties of con- 
duct toward one another even though engaged, or about to be engaged, in 
actual conflict. 

Q. — In what way other than inverting the flag may it be used to denote 
trouble on shipboard? 

A. — To hoist the colors bundled up or tied in an overhand knot is 
meant to indicate mutiny, treason or the need of armed help. This signal 
may also signify that the services of a customs official or revenue cutter are 
wanted. 

Q. — Is the national emblem ever used to signal surrender to an enemy > 

A. — In the absence of a white flag, the usual mark of submission, 
soldiers on the battle-field may signify their willingness to surrender by 
holding their flag pikes horizontally and allowing their colors to droop 
nearly to the ground. By "striking the colors" surrender is indicated 
among ships of war. This simply means the lowering of the flag. This, 
however, is not always sufficient evidence of a desire to yield as a shot may 
cut the halliards and release the ensign from its support. The white flag 
is, therefore, more generally used to make submission to the enemy un- 
mistakably clear. 

Q. — Should the Stars and Stripes and the emblem of another nation 
fly from the same pole? 

A. — A national emblem should invariably fly alone from its standard. 
To fly more than one national flag from one pole necessitates that one 
shall fly above the other. To fly the flag of a foreign nation beneath the 
Stars and Stripes would be considered an insult by that power. To place 
the Stars and Stripes in the subordinate position would inflict indignity 
upon our own emblem. 

Q. — Has there ever been an instance wherein a misunderstanding arose 
as a result of carelessness in this particular? 

A. — During the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in 1909, a visit- 
ing Japanese Admiral was highly offended when a Japanese flag was 
hoisted under an American flag on one of the exposition buildings. Though 
not intended as an offense the visiting official made such a stir over it, that 
it caused some excitement at the time. 



^art 5. 



50 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

PART V. 



Note: — Part V is suggested as appropriate for use on Jul}) 4 and 
Memorial Da^, also February 22, Washington's Birthday. 

Q. — What is the special significance of the term "Garrison Flag" as 
used in the army? 

A. — The "Garrison Flag" is the largest form of our national colors 
used in the military service. It is recognized as the national standard. Its 
dimensions are twenty feet wide by thirty-six feet long. 

Q. — Is the use of the "garrison flag" restricted? 

A. — The "garrison flag" is hoisted only upon certain holidays or other 
occasions of an important official character. When the President of the 
United States, the Vice-President, a general officer, or other officials of 
prescribed importance, visit a fort or military station, it is customary to dis- 
play the "garrison flag." 

Q. — What part does the flag play in the army's observance of the 
Fourth of July? 

A. — On the Fourth of July, weather permitting, the "garrison flag" is 
hoisted at sunrise at every military post; and at noon, if the station be pro- 
vided with suitable artillery, a salute of one gun for each state in the 
union is fired in commemoration of the Declaration of Independence. 

Q. — What use of the flag is prescribed for the honoring of the nation's 
dead? 

A. — On Memorial Day, May the 30th, at all army posts and stations, 
the flag is displayed at half-staff from sunrise to midday. At the conclu- 
sion of a memorial tribute at noon, consisting of band or field music and 
the firing of the national salute, twenty-one guns, the flag is hoisted to the 
top of the staff and there remains until sunset. The hoisting of the colors 
is followed by additional band or field music. 

Q. — What observance of national holidays is required in the navy 
regulations? 

A. — Every ship in commission, not under way, is required to "full dress" 
ship at 8 A. M. and remain so dressed until sunset on the twenty-second of 
February and the Fourth of July. At noon saluting ships fire a national 



RITUAL. 51 

salute, twenty-one guns. At sea the same salute is fired with the ensign at 
the peak. At naval stations the ensign is displayed from eight A. M. 
until sunset and at noon a national salute fired. The order for "full dress- 
ing" ship is modified in the event of bad weather. Memorial Day is ob- 
served by the suspension of all unnecessary work, drills and exercises. At 
noon a salute of twenty-one guns is fired by all vessels in commission and 
naval stations, during which the ensign is at half-mast. 

Q. — What is comprehended in the terms "dressing ship" and "full 
dressing ship?" 

A. — Just what constitutes a "dressed ship" and a "full dressed ship" is 
best gathered from the following navy regulations therefor: 

"On the occasion of "dressing ship" cross all but royal yards. Lower 
into places where secured all derricks, booms, etc. Ship flag and jack 
staffs. Hoist a national ensign at each masthead. If the masts are of the 
same height the ensigns should be of the same size. At the peak, or on a 
staff aft, display the largest ensign with which the ship is furnished. For- 
ward, on the jack staff, hoist the jack. 

"If the dressing is complimentary to some other nation, then the ensign 
or standard of that nation shall be hoisted (at the main). In ships having 
less than three masts the disposition of the decoration shall be as nearly in 
accord with the foregoing as possible. 

"At 8 A. Mi the ship should be dressed and remain so until sundown. 

"In three-masted vessels, no ensign shall be displayed al a masthead 
where the flag or pennant of a flag-officer or senior officer is flying. In 
dressing ship in two- or one-masted vessels, a national ensign may be hoisted 
at the same masthead with any one of the above personal flags. 

"On the occasion of full dressing ship: In addition to the dressing of 
the mastheads, when the masting of the ship will permit, a rainbow of flags 
will be arranged reaching from the water-line forward to the water-line aft, 
by way of the head boom's end, topgallant mastheads, peak and end of 
spanker boom. Peculiarly masted ships must provide to make the most 
artistic display, as little modified from the rainbow effect as it is possible 
for them to arrange." 

Q. — Is there a wider or more restricted use of the flag in the navy as 
compared with the army? 

A. — The use of the national ensign as a feature in extending honors is 
much more varied in the navy than is the case within our military circles as 



52 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

personal salutes with the colors have numerous applications. Where certain 
officials have no personal flags indicative of their rank the ensign is sub- 
stituted. 

Q. — What is meant by the term "personal flag?" 

A. — A personal flag is an ensign designed to indicate the presence on 
board a naval vessel, of certain officials of exalted rank. The President's 
flag, for example, is a rectangular blue ensign bearing the national coat 
of arms. 

Q. — What feature of presidential salutation is peculiarly suggestive of 
the fine distinctions of monarchical government? 

A. — An interesting distinction is made in the matter of salutes as be- 
tween the President and the national emblem in that the ensign, in the cere- 
monies attending "colors," is honored with three "ruffles," or rolls upon 
the drums, while the President has the more ample honor of four rolls. This 
differentiation would seem to be a survival of monarchical custom under 
Democratic auspices. It carries one back to the time when the King's per- 
sonal flag was that to which his loyal subjects swore allegiance rather than 
to a national standard. It is possible that the emblem of our national 
entity may some day take its proper precedence over even the exalted dig- 
nity of our President. 

Q. — Has the Vice-President of the nation the honor of a personal flag? 

A. — While cabinet officers and, in many instances, their assistants have 
the distinction of a personal flag, the Vice-President of the nation was, 
until March 15, 1915, a notable exception. Previous, to this very recent 
date he had never been thus signally honored. The fact that the Vice- 
President had been aboard a naval vessel was indicated by the hoisting of 
the Stars and Stripes at the foremast truck during the firing of the salute 
as he left the visited ship. 

Q. — What is the character of the Vice-President's personal flag? 

A. — The design of the Vice-President's flag is nearly the same as that 
of the President, which comprises the national coat of arms on a rectangular 
blue field. The only difference lies in the color of the field, that of the 
Vice-President's ensign being white instead of blue. 

Q, — Is the national emblem employed in paying honors to other officials? 



RITUAL. 53 

A. — Our national flag is hoisted in the manner previously prescribed for 
the Vice-President, for our embassadors abroad, and within our own 
waters when a ship is visited by any of the cabinet officers not having a 
personal flag, by the Chief Justice and a number of other government 
officials. 

Q- — Is the dignity of the national flag enhanced by such practice? 

A. — The use of the Stars and Stripes in paying honor to officials who 
have not been recognized by the makers of personal flags, would seem to 
place it in the unflattering position of a makeshift. If an official is of such 
high rank that special honor should be paid him, proper provision should 
be made for so doing aside from the use of the national emblem. If a per- 
sonal flag is to be used for our highest officials and the Stars and Stripes 
for lesser dignitaries, the personal flag would seem to be exalted above the 
national colors. 

Q. — Does the formality attending the handling of the national flag in 
the army and navy fulfill all obligations of respect on the part of the nation? 

A. — The ceremonies of the naval and military service become but mock- 
ery unless they are the formal expressions of a deep-rooted veneration for 
the emblem of the government on the part of the great unofficial population 
of the nation. The exalted figure of Washington and the patriotic per- 
sonalities who signed the Declaration of Independence should be objects of 
sincere emulation on the part of every American, be he native or be he 
naturalized. The dignity of our flag is more effectually exalted in the 
jealous guarding of its usages by the general citizenship than by the mere 
establishment of rules and regulations for the raising and lowering of the 
ensign in government service. The one without the other becomes a shame- 
ful farce. 

Q. — Has our attitude toward the flag an influence likely to extend be- 
yond the boundaries of the United States? 

A. — It is a certainty that foreigners will show our ensign no greater 
respect than we do ourselves. If we are deficient in those practices which 
surround our flag with an atmosphere of sanctity, we cannot expect other 
peoples to take us seriously when we protest against indignities offered the 
Stars and Stripes in alien lands. 

Q. — What sim.ple truth should we as a nation hold before our minds to 
guide us in our attitude toward the flag? 

A. — It is most proper that we should remember at all times we are not 
dealing with the flag as so much colored bunting but are to reverence it 



54 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

as the most exalted emblem of our national dignity, as an enduring record 
of what we were in our beginning, and as an index of the marvelous growth 
that has been ours under its inspiration. 

Q. — What is the history of the effort to secure national legislation pre- 
scribing the manner in which the flag should be respected? 

A. — The Hon. S. S. Cox, of New York, in 1878, introduced in the 
Congress of the United States, the first bill purporting to enforce limita- 
tions in the use of the flag that its dignity might be preserved against abuses. 
The bill was not passed. Two years later another bill was introduced but 
to meet the same fate. In 1 896 the Daughters of the American Revolu- 
tion made determined efforts to secure the passage of a bill for this pur- 
pose, but to no avail. Eleven years later a number of patriotic organiza- 
tions, including the Sons of the American Revolution, The Loyal Legion, 
and The Grand Army of the Republic, united in support of a bill de- 
signed to prevent desecration of the flag and impose punishments for viola- 
tions thereof. Even this combined effort failed to arouse congress to action. 

Q. — What stirring event quickened the patriotic impulses of the nation 
and revived interest in the prevention of flag desecration? 

A. — The outbreak of war with Spain in 1898, renewed the patriotic 
vigor of our country to a wonderful degree. The call to the colors met a 
response so spontaneous and enthusiastic that the nation was awakened from 
its greedy absorption in things material, and all petty sectionalisms were 
wiped out in the loftier inspirations of the hour. There was no North, no 
South, no East, no West, when the honor of the nation was at issue. A 
people united as never before in their history rallied to the loyal support 
of the Stars and Stripes. Thus aroused from their complacent indifference 
to matters touching the sanctity and dignity of the nation and the flag 
which symbolizes it, — the people have since, in more than thirty states, 
responded to the earnest labors of patriotic organizations and individuals 
to safeguard the Stars and Stripes against indignities. 

Q. — What are some of the indignities to which our flag has been sub- 
jected ? 

A. — Through ignorance or thoughtlessness, rather than intentional irrev- 
erence, the flag has been lowered from its place of dignity to subserve the 
ends of merchants and manufacturers as a decoration for their offerings 
and products, (beer bottles, canned goods, brooms, flour bags, and so on in- 
definitely). The most exalted emblem of the nation is made the material 



RITUAL. 55 

for fancy costumes, window trimmings and indiscriminate decoration with- 
out a thought for the propriety of so doing. The people have appropri- 
ated unto themselves the American flag with a familiarity that must cer* 
tainly breed contempt in alien minds. 

Q. — Has the right of the individual State to enact laws restricting the 
use of the flag been authenticated? 

A. — In March of 1907, the Supreme Court of the United States was 
called upon to pass upon the validity of the law of the state of Nebraska, 
which placed limitations upon the use of the Stars and Stripes. The Su- 
preme Court of Nebraska had imposed a fine of fifty dollars upon an in- 
dividual for placing the flag, as a part of his advertisement, on beer bottles. 
The case was carried to the nation's highest tribunal where it was decided 
— "the state had a clear right to protect the flag against indignities." Jus- 
tice Harlan, in handing down the opinion of the Supreme Bench, declared 
— "the use of the flag as an advertisement, would cheapen and degrade it." 

Q. — Through what public official has great impetus been given the 
movement to safeguard the flag against abuses? 

A. — Edward B. Moore, United States Commissioner of Patents, has 
greatly forwarded the cause of flag protection by his sweeping decision in 
reference to the registration of labels or trade-marks. Mr. Moore estab- 
lished the praiseworthy precedent of refusing protection of law to any manu- 
facturer who embodies or simulates in his trade-mark the national emblem, 
the national coat of arms, the coat of arms of any State or even a part of 
such devices. 



Petri e. 



58 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

PART VI. 



Note: — Part VI is suggested as appiopriate to use on Flag Day, 
June 14. 



Q. — In what manner did the observance of Flag Day originate in this 
country ? 

A. — On the fourteenth of June, 1895, just one hundred and eighteen 
years after the Congress of the United States authorized a national emblem, 
the Women's Relief Corps of the Grand Army of the Republic celebrated 
in Washington what its originators termed, "Flag Day." The idea met 
with wide-spread approval. Today the anniversary is observed in many 
parts of the country. 

Q. — Why should the dedication of a certain day to the honoring of our 
national emblem receive the endorsement of patriotic citizens? 

A. — The establishing of an annual celebration in honor of the emblem 
of our liberty and national unity can be made of great potentiality in crea- 
ting within the minds of the foreign thousands crowding upon our shores, 
a proper reverence for that which we hold dearest. Fitting ceremonials 
introduced into our public school exercises on this occasion will serve to im- 
bue our youth at its most impressionable period with the high ideals of 
sacrificial patriotism. Large emphasis upon that which is best in our na- 
tional life, which cannot but attend the honoring of our blood-bought in- 
stitutions, will quicken the love of country in the heart of every native born 
and naturalized citizen and possibly point out the genuine need of unselfish 
patriotic efforts in every stratum of our complex national life. 

Q. — Through whose efforts was the honoring of the national emblem in- 
troduced into the exercises of public schools? 

A. — Colonel George P. Balch, at one time auditor to the Board of 
Education of New York City, is accredited with the initiative in giving 
form to a ceremonial or salute to be used in public schools where the flag 
is to be employed in the exercises. In 1 89 1 , he introduced the follo\ving 
simple, brief but effective salute to the flag. 

At an appointed moment the color-bearer advances to the teacher's plat- 
form bearing the flag. The instructor then says "Patriots Attention!" 
At the word "Attention," the school rises and every right hand is pointed 
at the flag. At the command "Salute!" the hand is brought to the head 



RITUAL. • 59 

with the fingers touching the brow. The pupils then repeat in unison: "We 
give our heads and our hearts to God and our Country; one country, one 
language, one flag." 

At the word "heart," the hand falls from the head to the heart, and, at 
the word "flag," every hand again points to the Stars and Stripes while 
the body is inclined slightly forward, supported by the right foot a trifle 
advanced. 

At the word "salute" the color-bearer dips the flag in acknowledgment 
until the staff is nearly horizontal, in which position it is held until the last 
word of the salute is uttered. 

At this point the pupils again take the position "Attention." 

Q. — What is the ceremonial known as the Francis Bellamy salute? 

A. — The salute originated by Francis Bellamy is similar to the Balch 
salute in action but differs somewhat in the oral feature. After the color- 
bearer has taken his position on the platform and the teacher has called 
"Attention Patriots," the vocal part of the ceremony continues as follows: 
"I pledge my allegiance to my flag and the republic for which it stands; one 
nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." 

At the words "to my flag," the right hand is extended toward the colors 
which are dipped in acknowledgment. 

Q. — What efforts have been made to teach veneration for our emblem 
in the schools of San Francisco? 

A. — In the San Francisco schools, patriotic exercises are held on the 
last Friday of every month. The pupils are mustered in the school yards 
by trumpet calls. On the steps of the building the color-bearer stands, 
generally a girl, and at her right is stationed the boy trumpeter. The flag 
is held aloft unfurled. At the proper trumpet signal every hand is raised 
in military salute and all present repeat in concert: 

"Our country's flag, flag of the free. 
We pledge our loyal hearts to thee." 
During this recitation the flag is dipped in acknowledgment and is raised 
again at the concluding salute. 

Q. — Are school ceremonials in respect of the flag effective agencies in 
the inculcating of patriotic principles? 

A. — There can be no doubt that the spirit with which our school chil- 
dren pay tribute to the flag will ultimately develop into a finer, stronger 
conception of reverence. There is a deeper significance in such tributes 



60 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

than a mere ceremonial regard for the Stars and Stripes. This becomes 
more fully apparent when one sees such customs practiced in the schools of 
our large cities where many of the children are of foreign parentage. It is 
an object lesson of thrilling import to see these littles ones, native born and 
foreign born alike, the raw material of a new generation, standing beneath 
the emblem of our glory and their hope, singing with heartsome fervor the 
"Star-Spangled Banner." There is something about it wonderfully sug- 
gestive, wonderfully promising. 

Q. — Is the presence of the flag on the schoolhouse of sufficient import 
to justify mandatory regulation? 

A. — The Stars and Stripes, peculiarly significant of equal liberties and 
equal privileges, should be unfurled over every public schoolhouse in the 
nation with unfailing regularity. The proudest distinction of our land is 
the open door of the schoolhouse, offering equal opportunity to the children 
of all classes. No institution is more worthy of such a distinction, and 
certainly the flag, symbolical of all that has made such opportunity possible, 
is worthy of such respect being shown it. This fact has been recognized 
in a number of States where the flying of the Stars and Stripes over school- 
houses during school hours has been prescribed by legislative enactment. 
Where this has not been done, thanks to the patriotic impulses of school 
teachers and pupils or the activities of patriotic orders, the display of our 
colors during the school day has been made possible. 

Q. — What possibilities for impressing the minds of school children are 
presented by the daily flying of the national ensign? 

A. — The raising of the school flag at the beginning of the school day 
and its lowering at night can be made of interest and an effective influence 
in germinating the seeds of patriotism. Instead of leaving the custody of 
the flag to a janitor, each school could select a standard-bearer and a num- 
ber of color guards to serve for stated periods, the distinction indicating a 
reward of merit. To these should be given the privilege of raising the 
colors at an appointed time before the opening of school. To interest all 
of the children, a salute to the flag by the school body could be made an 
appropriate part of the ceremony. Similar formalities might be devised 
for the lowering of the flag at the close of the school day. 

Q. — What rules should govern the private use of the flag? 

A. — If the Stars and Stripes are to be hoisted daily over any building, 
it is proper that it should be raised and lowered with regularity. On fair 



RITUAL. 61 

days a fresh ensign of goodly size should be displayed. On stormy days 
a smaller flag should be flown as less in danger of suffering by stress of 
weather. Under no circumstances should the use of a torn and shabby flag 
be permitted. The ensign should not be allowed to fly after nightfall. 

Q. — Have regulations ever been devised for the display of the flag on 
government buildings? 

A. — It is a peculiar fact that no rules governing the time for and man- 
ner of displaying the flag on government buildings, even at Washington, 
the seat of government, have ever been issued by those in authority. As a 
result of this strange omission the national emblem was for many years dis- 
played with irregularity and much diversity of routine on the "administra- 
tive" offices of the government, with the exception of those under army or 
navy control. So little attention was given the national emblem it fre- 
quently happened a flag once hoisted was allowed to fly night and day 
until whipped to tatters. Where sufficient interest was displayed to raise 
and lower the flag daily, the manner and time of so doing was largely a 
matter of whim or convenience on the part of those assigned to the duty. 
Such carelessness on the part of officials representing the national govern- 
ment was hardly a proper example to set before the nation. Heedless dis- 
regard of the dignity of the colors would be reprehensible in a private citi- 
zen. That representatives of the government itself should be guilty of such 
disrespect is inexcusable, almost inconceivable. 

Q. — What would be a proper and practical plan for the display of the 
colors on government buildings? 

A. — It is admittedly not feasible to prescribe such ceremonials and 
honors for the raising and lowering of the flag on public buildings as are 
practiced in the army and navy. It should be obligatory upon the part 
of those administering the governmental departments, however, to enforce 
the observance of such proprieties in the handling and care of the colors as 
will indicate to the citizenship of the nation that depth of regard for the 
flag which should be manifested generally throughout the land. It would 
be eminently fitting and of practical import to raise the flag over govern- 
mental or public buildings to indicate the hours of business. To that end 
the flag should be regularly hoisted at the beginning of the official day and 
lowered at the close of office hours. Where official hours of business can- 
not be exactly established the flag should be raised at a given hour in the 
morning and lov/ered at sunset. 



62 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

Q. — What embarrassment attended the estabHshing of a regular rou- 
tine for displaying the flag on the State, War and Navy Departments 
building? 

A. — The varying customs prevailing in the army and navy in reference 
to the hour for raising the flag gave rise to an interesting question when it 
was first attempted to give due routine recognition to the flag in the ad- 
ministration of the State, War and Navy Departments Building. The ad- 
ministration offices of both the army and navy, together with the Depart- 
ment of State, being under one roof, it was difficult to reconcile the regula- 
tions of the different services. It was argued that each department should 
have its own flagpole and follow its individual custom but the dispute was 
finally disposed of by assuming the building to be an administrative institu- 
tion quite apart from military, naval and civil practices. In conformity 
with this idea it was ordered that the flag should be displayed only during 
the hours of business, except on national holidays, when the flag is raised 
at sunrise and lowered at sunset, or when otherwise specifically ordered. 

Q; — What special import has the flying of the national flag over the 
Houses of Congress? 

A. — Except on holidays, the Stars and Stripes are raised over the House 
of Representatives and over the United States Senate only when each of 
them is actually sitting. When either chamber of Congress is formally 
opened for business the flag is hoisted on the staff over that wing of the 
capitol and is not lowered until after the sitting is adjourned, no matter 
whether that be during the day or night. 



fart 7. 



64 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

PART VII. 



Note: — Pari VII is suggested as being suitable for use on Betsy Ross 
Day. 



Q. — Who is popularly accredited with the distinction of having made 
the original flag bearing the Stars and Stripes? 

A. — The honor of having executed the original design embodying the 
Stars and Stripes is conferred by tradition upon Betsy Ross, of 
Philadelphia. 

Q. — Is the claim in behalf of Betsy Ross fully justified? 

A. — Although some doubt may be involved regarding the part Betsy 
Ross played in designing the original Stars and Stripes, it is beyond ques- 
tion that she took an early and conspicuous part in the actual manufacture 
of flags for the State Navy Board of Pennsylvania. There is a record in 
the form of an account bearing the date of May 29, 1777 "for ships' 
colors for the State fleet." As the national colors were not authorized 
until June of that year, and as Mrs. Ross had already acted in the capacity 
of flagmaker, there is every reasonable possibility that she made one of the 
first, if not the very first flag conformable to the Congressional Resolution. 
It is said that a flag of her manufacture, bearing the Stars and Stripes, was 
hoisted ever Fort Schuyler on the third of August, 1777. 

Q. — Were there other women who became prominent at that time 
through the manufacture of our colors? 

A. — The Misses Mary and Sarah Austin, of Philadelphia, were active 
competitors of Mrs. Ross in the manufacture of flags. It is claimed that 
the flag carried by John Paul Jones on the Bon Homme Richard in her 
memorable action with the British Ship Serapis, was made by these women. 
This flag also bears the distinction of having been the ensign saluted by 
Admiral La Motte Piquet, in 1 778. 

Q. — With reference to the manufacture of flags what might be said of 
the part women have had and still have in it? 

A. — For generations the actual fabrication of our flags seems to have 
been peculiarly the work of patriotic women. At this day women do most 
of the work upon the various flags and sets of colors manufactured both 
by and for the government. 



RITUAL. 65 

Q. — What process is employed in the manufacture of the government 
flags? 

A. — The development of machine cutting has simplified flag making to 
a considerable extent. The stars, formerly made by hand, are now cut 
out by power cutters from fifty to one hundred at a single stroke. The 
stripes are sewed together by an electrically driven machine. The stars, 
however, are still placed and sewed on by hand. 

Q. — What materials are officially recognized as suitable for making 
flags? 

A. — There are but two materials acceptable for making flags; namely, 
silk and bunting. Silk naturally makes the more brilliant and beauti- 
ful flag but bunting is more substantial. The flags made from bunting bet- 
ter endure the exposure to sunshine and stress of storm. The flags made 
for government use are fashioned from bunting woven from selected wool 
of the best quality, none but perfect fabric being accepted. 

Q. — Where was wool buntmg ongmally secured? 

A. — Until within the last half century all the bunting for our flags was 
imported from England. In 1865, General Benjamin F. Butler or- 
ganized the United States Bunting Company of Lowell, Massachusetts. 
In February of the following year the product of this establishment was put 
to a test by the Navy Department in competition with the standard English 
material and was proved to be better in all respects. From that time to 
this, this country has seemed to excel in the manufacture of this fabric. 

Q. — What is the nature of the test imposed by the government on flag 
bunting? 

A.- — As a chemical test the bunting is washed with soap and soaked in 
fresh water for a period of twenty-four hours, following which the same 
process is repeated with salt water substituted for fresh water. The bunt- 
ing is then exposed to the weather for ten days, during which time it must 
be subjected to at least thirty hours of bright sunlight. The bunting is re- 
jected if there is any fading or running of the colors. The tensile strength 
of the fabric is determined by cutting strips from the warp two inches wide 
and subjecting them to stress in a testing machine. The material must have 
a tensile strength of not less than sixty-five pounds. The two-inch strip 
must be equal to a load or stress equivalent to forty-five pounds. Accept- 
able bunting usually weighs five and a quarter pounds for every piece forty 
yards long and ten inches wide. 



66 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

Q. — Is the manufacturing of flags by the government limited to that of 
the Stars and Stripes? 

A. — The niceties of international courtesies, as they relate to the cere- 
monies of the sea, make it necessary that our naval vessels, at all times, shall 
have available the national ensigns of other nations so that there shall be 
no delay or hesitation in displaying or saluting these colors when occasion 
demands. For this reason the government maintains the manufacture of 
the emblems of all nations. Each ship bound on a world-circling cruise has 
to carry forty or more of these different national ensigns. 

Q. Is the ceremony of saluting the national colors of a foreign nation 
so vital as to necessitate such an extensive array of ensigns? 

A. — The ships of all nations are exacting in all matters relating to the 
interchange of courtesies. It is over matters of this seemingly trifling sort 
that friction between nations has occurred more than once. In the old days 
tardiness of this kind was provocation for hasty action which might mean 
either the shedding of blood or the endangering of friendly relations. The 
friendly value and diplomatic importance of prompt exchange of salutes 
and courtesies are not inconsiderable even at this time. 

Q. — Flow are flags provided for the army? 

A. — The flags for the army are generally made by contract in private 
factories scattered throughout the country. There are a number of such, 
which compete annually for the making of the various flags for the military 
department. 

Qv — What should be the proper disposition of old and worn-out national 
flags? 

A. — Even though faded, tattered and torn, the flag is still the national 
emblem and as such should be duly respected. In view of this fact, it 
would seem appropriate that some fitting disposition be prescribed for worn- 
out colors. It has been suggested that a decent disposition of the flag 
^vould be to burn it, in order that no risk be run of the ensign falling into 
unpatriotic hands, or of its being put to some unworthy use. This is not 
intended to apply, of course, to those colors about which the memory of 
soire noted action or tradition clings. 

Q. — What is the practice in the English service with regard to the dis- 
position of worn-out flags? 



RITUAL. 67 

A. — The naval and military regulations of Great Britain provide that 
ensigns no longer fit for service shall be buried and appropriate ceremonies 
have been devised for this procedure. 

Q. — What incident is related in the naval annals of this country that 
would seem to emphasize the importance of prescribing proper disposal of 
discarded flags? 

A. — In the fall of 1895, while in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro, Cap- 
tain Henry F. Pickens, the commanding officer of the U. S. S. "Charles- 
town," discovered one of his crew cleaning a "dead-light" with a piece of 
an old ensign. When questioned, the man explained that it had been given 
to him for that purpose by the Master-at-arms of the ship. A few minutes 
later the Master-at-arms was called to the mast and admitted the facts to 
the officer of the day. He was immediately disrated and reduced to the 
grade of landsman, the ship's company being given thereby an object les- 
son in the respect that should be paid the flag upon all occasions and under 
all circumstances. 



1 

J 



OF THE 

Star-Spangled Banner Association 

OF the 

United States. 



CONSTITUTION. 



Article I. 

The name of this organization is the "Star-Spangled Banner Asso- 
ciation OF the United States of America." 

Article II. 

The objects of the Association are: To develop an ardent, practical 
and productive love of the American flag; to develop its ideals; to guard 
its sanctity; to weave its symbolism more closely into the everyday, 
practical life of the people; to commemorate the events which have 
added lustre to its history; to teach the character of national life 
which will perpetuate its future glory; to honor the underlying theme 
of the "Star-Spangled Banner;" to memorialize annually, on September 
14th, the patriotism that produced that glorious poem; to teach a sound, 
sensible, wholesome Americanism, and to exemplify by practice what is 
glorified in theory. 

Article III. 

Section 1. Any man or woman, above eighteen years of age, is 
eligible to membership, provided he or she is an American citizen. 

Sec. 2. An applicant for membership shall be endorsed by at least 
two members of the organization with which said applicant would affili- 
ate. An affirmative vote of two-thirds of the membership present, of the 
particular association with 'which an applicant would affiliate, shall be 
considered an approval of said application. Local associations shall 
have the right to fix the period when said vote shall be taken, after an 
application has been filed. 

Sec. 4. All persons whose membership antedated April 1, 1915, are 
classified as Charter Members; and by virtue of said Charter Member- 
ship they become permanent members of the national body of the general 
association, with all the rights and privileges appertaining thereto; pro- 
vided, however, they comply with all the regulations and requirements of 
the National Society as embodied in its Constitution, By-Laws or legally 
adopted orders and resolutions. 

Article IV. 

Section 1. The active officers of the national society shall be a 
National President; one or more National Vice-Presidents, representing 
each of the forty-eight States; a National Recording Secretary; a 
National. Corresponding Secretary; a National Secretary on Organiza- 

(70) 



CONSTITUTION. 71 

tion; a National Treasurer; a National Ritual Master, and such other 
officers as the National Society shall from time to time add by a two- 
thirds vote of those present at any regular national meeting. 

Sec. 2. All candidates shall be nominated from the floor, nominating 
committees being specifically prohibited. The national officers shall be 
elected for two years, and no officer shall be eligible to two consecutive 
terms, except the National Recording Secretary, the National Ritual 
Master and the National Secretary on Organization. The vote shall be 
by ballot, and a majority vote shall elect in each instance, except in the 
case of the Vice-Presidents, who shall be selected as provided for in 
Section 3. 

Sec. 3. The State President of each State shall be the first National 
Vice-President from that State. In each State where there are twenty- 
five or more Local Societies, there shall be two National Vice-Presidents. 
The Second National Vice-President from States entitled to two shall be 
selected by the Presidents of the Local Societies of each such State; and 
shall be chosen from among the list of said local Presidents, in con- 
formity with the method of election, which may be prescribed by each 
respective State Society. 

This section shall become operative after the first National Convention. 

Sec. 4. All officers shall hold office until their successors duly qualify. 
Vacancies in office may be filled by the National President to cover the 
interim between date of vacancy and the meeting of the next succeeding 
National Convention. Said appointment shall not render the appointee 
ineligible to election. 

Article V. 

Section 1. The Star-Spangled Banner Association shall consist of 
a National Society; a State Society for each State; and Local Societies, 
which shall be formed anywhere, under the jurisdiction of each State 
Society. 

Sec. 2. The National Society shall hold a convention every two years, 
at such place and at such date as the Society itself shall determine at 
each successive Convention. These Conventions shall be the business 
sessions of the National Society; and at these Conventions the National 
Society shall have full power and authority to take action, in any matter 
whatsoever, which in its best judgment will be to the advantage of the 
ends and purposes of the general association. Copies of all orders, 
affecting the State or Local Societies, shall be transmitted to the said 
societies, duly authenticated by the National Secretary. All such orders 
shall be binding upon the State and Local Societies. 

Sec. 3. Special Conventions may be called by the National President 
upon proper notice issued to members thereof. 

Sec. 4. The National Convention shall consist of the Charter Mem- 
bers of the Association; of all the State Presidents; of five elected dele- 
gates from each State Society; of all Local Presidents; of one elected 



72 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

delegate from each Local Society; of all Past Officers of the National 
Society, and of any additional members who may hereafter be designated 
by the National Convention by two-thirds vote. 

Sec. 5. Representation, be it one person or more, from one-third of 
the States entitled to seats in the Convention shall constitute a quorum 
for the transaction of all business. 

Sec. 6. All legislative and judicial power in the Star-Spangled Ban- 
ner Association, not otherwise delegated to the State or Local Societies, 
is vested in the National Society in Convention assembled. 

Article VI. 

Section 1. The State Society of each respective State shall consist of 
all Past State Officers; the President and Past Presidents of each Local 
Society, and five elected delegates from each said Local Society. 

Sec. 2. The State Society shall hold at least one general meeting per 
year at such place and at such time as the said State Society shall desig- 
nate. Within the jurisdiction of its own State, each State Society shall 
have full power and authority to form its own Constitution and By- 
Laws, and to take whatever action it deems wise to promote the ends and 
purposes of the Star-Spangled Banner Association; provided, however, 
that no such action is in conflict with the Constitution, By-Laws, orders 
or resolutions of the National Society. 

The first annual session to be held in any State by any State Society 
shall be called at such time and such place as may be designated by 
agreement among the various Local Presidents. In the event of non- 
action the National President may designate time and place. 

Sec. 3. A Local Society may be formed in any community where at 
least fifteen members will affiliate therewith. The formation of a Con- 
stitution and By-Laws, and the time, place, manner and character of the 
meetings of a Local Society, shall be absolutely under the control of 
each said Local Society; provided, however, that nothing shall be done 
in conflict with the Constitution, By-Laws, orders or resolutions of the 
National Society or of the State Society under whose jurisdiction the 
Local Society operates. 

Article VII. 

All State and Local Societies, after they have foi-med themselves into 
an organization, according to the requirements of this Constitution, shall 
notify the National Secretary by filing with him a list of the individual 
membership thereof, and addresses, whereupon the National Secretary 
shall issue to said State and Local Societies a certificate or charter duly 
signed by the National President and National Secretary, investing said 
State and Local Societies with power and authority to operate as con- 
stituent units of the Star-Spangled Banner Association. 



CONSTITUTION. 73 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Section 1. The National Vice-Presidents for each State, appointed 
by the first National President, shall, by virtue of their appointment, be 
invested with full power and authority to take whatever action they may 
deem wise or necessary to effect the organization of Local Societies in 
their respective States. All acts authenticated by them, not in conflict 
with this Constitution, shall be valid and authoritative. Such Vice- 
Presidents shall be the supreme authority in each State jurisdiction until 
a State Society is organized and operative. 

Sec. 2. Every Charter Member of the Star-Spangled Banner Asso- 
ciation is duly authorized and empowered, of his or her own initiative, to 
proceed with the organization of a Local Society in any community 
whatsoever. All acts performed by said Charter IV^ember, not in conflict 
with this Constitution, shall be valid and authoritative. No further 
authorization is needed upon which a Charter Member may predicate 
activity in the direction of local organization — the very fact of charter 
membership itself being a sufficient wai'rant for all that may be done. 
The high privilege of Charter Membership is intended to affix a definite 
responsibility upon each said person, whereby said Charter Member is 
expected to feel that it is his or her patriotic duty to promote the organi- 
zation of Local Societies wherever he or she can, and to do so as 
rapidly as the same can be done. 

Article IX. 

Section 1. The initiation fee for charter membership in the National 
Society shall be five dollars. The initiation fee for Local Societies shall 
be fixed by the Local Societies themselves, in return for which said 
member shall be provided with the Star-Spangled Banner Ritual. 

Sec. 2. The annual dues of each member of every Local Society shall 
be a minimum of two dollars, one dollar of which shall be forwarded to 
the National Treasurer, to be credited to the suppoi't of the National 
Society, the remainder being retained by the Local Society for its own 
uses. All Charter Members, not affiliated with a Local Society, shall pay 
annual dues of one dollar to the National Treasurer, to be placed to the 
credit of the National Society. 

Payment of dues by Charters Members to a Local Society shall exempt 
them from direct payments to the National Society. 

Sec. 3. The non-payment of dues for a period of one year shall be 
considered as a surrender of membership, and said person may be 
dropped from the roll without special action other than the mailing to 
his or her last-recorded address of a notice to that effect. A Local 
Society may extend the time, however, in any particular instance by a 
majority vote of those present. 



74 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

Sec. 4. No debt shall be incurred by the National Society, or by either 
the State or Local Societies, unless the same is first approved by the 
President and Secretary of the particular society incurring the debt; 
nor shall any money be paid out by the Treasurer of the National Society 
or by the Treasurer of the State or Local Societies except upon voucher 
signed by the President and Secretary of the particular Society ordering 
said payment. 

Article X. 

Section 1. This Constitution may be amended at any regular Con- 
vention of the National Society. Amendments, when proposed, must 
first have the written endorsement of at least five members. No amend- 
ment shall be finally adopted until after it has had three readings in 
full. The first reading shall be given at the time the amendment is 
offered. The second reading shall follow immediately thereafter, at 
which time any changes in the amendment shall be made. The third 
reading shall be given at any time that a motion to that effect is carried 
by a majority vote. After the third reading, the question of adopting 
the amendment shall be by roll call, a vote of two-thirds of the delegates 
listed at the Convention being necessary to effect the amendment. 



BY-LAWS. 



* * * * 



Article I. 



Section 1. The duties of the National Officers shall be such as 
usually appertain to officers of like nature, the National President being- 
invested with full authority to act in all matters not otherwise provided 
for in this Constitution. The National President is authorized and 
directed to designate the time, place and conditions of the first National 
Convention, and the National Secretary is duly authorized to make 
proper provision therefor. All national officers are subject to the 
direction of the National President. The National President shall, within 
the limits of the National Constitution and By-Laws be the supreme 
authority in the Star-Spangled Banner Association, being subject to the 
mandates of the National Convention alone. 

Article II. 

Section 1. In the absence of the National President from any 
Convention, or from any session of said Convention, one of the National 
Vice-Presidents shall preside, the order of precedence being the order 
in which each of the forty-eight States entered the Union with the 
dignity of Statehood. Where there are two Vice-Presidents from any 
State, both said Vice-Presidents shall be accorded recognition before the 
privilege passes to the next succeeding State, the order of precedence, 
in the case of two Vice-Presidents, being by seniority of age. 

Sec. 2. The National Ritual Master shall be the custodian of all data 
relative to the flag, from which data he shall from time to time cull out 
such additions as he thinks should be made to the Ritual, which additions, 
however, shall not be embodied in the Ritual until first they have been 
approved by the National Convention. 

Sec. 3. The organization of Local Societies shall be under the direc- 
tion and supervision of the National Secretary on Organization. 

Article III. 

Section 1. The National Secretary shall be the recording officer of 
the National Society, and shall be a cooperative executive with the 
National President. He shall be responsible for the organization and 
general operation of all National Conventions. A list, with addresses, of 
the full membership of all Local Societies shall be filed with him; and all 
credentials of delegates elected to attend the National Convention shall 
be filed with him at least ninety days prior to the date of each Con- 
vention. The National Secretary shall give all notices relative to 
National Conventions, and shall keep all Local Societies apprised of 
every act of the National Society which affects the welfare of the Star- 
Spangled Banner Association in all of its bearings. 



76 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

Article IV. 

Section 1. It shall be the duty of every Local Society to: 

(a) Notify the National Secretary of the fact of organization, and 
obtain from him a certificate or charter establishing the status of said 
society. 

(b) Pay to the National Treasurer, within thirty days after the 
receipt of annual dues from any member, the sum of one dollar thereof 
as provided for in Section 2 of Article IX of the National Constitution. 

(c) Conduct all meetings in accordance with the Star-Spangled 
Banner Ritual; use its influence to unite patriotic bodies of every char- 
acter in its immediate community in the effort to secure drastic national 
and State legislation against all desecrations of the flag; to help make 
the display of the flag, on important national and State holidays, a 
matter of civic duty and pride; to strive, as far as possible, to have the 
information which is embodied in the Star-Spangled Banner Ritual 
taught with regularity in the public schools; to provide for special meet- 
ings and patriotic demonstrations whereby the flag and all that it means 
may be made a matter of community interest and enthusiasm; to 
accentuate the importance of observing "Flag Day," not merely by dis- 
playing the flag, but by such other proceedings or ceremonials as will 
bring out the fullness of the flag's symbolism in all of its strength and 
all of its glory; to arrange for a public memorial ceremony on September 
14th of every year, on which occasion the Star-Spangled Banner shall be 
sung, and the manner and circumstance of the song's inspiration shall 
be made the subject of special address; to collect data relative to the 
history, usages, laws and heroic associations of the flag, whether con- 
nected with past or present periods, and forward said information to the 
National Ritual Master, who shall preserve them with care, and devise 
ways and means whereby to make them serviceable to the ends and pur- 
poses of the general association. 

Article V. 

Section 1. The Order of Business at each National Convention shall 
be as follows: Roll Call; Reading of Minutes; Special Orders; Unfin- 
ished Business; Reports of Officers; Reports of Committees; New 
Business. 

Sec. 2. The emblem of the Star-Spangled Banner Association shall 
be circular in form, centered with an American flag, over which shall 
be arched the words: "And this be our motto, In God is our trust." 
On the outer rim of the circle shall be the words: "Star-Spangled Ban- 
ner Association of the United States of America." 



BY-LAWS. 



77 




This emblem shall be copyrighted and controlled by the National 
Society; but shall be sold to the members by the National Secretary at 
cost. 

Article VI. 



Section 1. The By-Laws may be amended in manner and form as 
provided in Article X of the Constitution for the amendment of the 
Constitution. 




HON. JAMES H. PRESTON 

Mayor of Baltimore 

The man who originated and organized The Star-Spangled Banner Association on September 

14, 1914, at the time of the big Centennial in Baltimore, in honor 

of the writing of the National Anthem. 



NATIONAL STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION 
OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

WHAT IT IS, AND WHAT IT PLANS TO DO. 

"rift rn r^ r^ r^ 

Explanation. 

As a result of the big Star-Spangled Banner Centennial, held in 
Baltimore, September 6th-13th, 1914, a sentiment developed favorable to 
the formation of a lai-ge, dignified national patriotic body — the main 
purpose of which will be to stimulate a study of the flag. 

It is amazing how few Americans know anything of the history of the 
flag; of its definite meaning; of the way it should be used; of its signifi- 
cance when handled in certain official forms or postures; of the nature 
of the honors due it; of the ceremonials attending it at special times and 
on special occasions; of the laws relating to its civil and military usages; 
of the correct method of doing honors to the flag, both at home and 
abroad; and of the historic dates with which the flag has particular or 
extraordinary association. 

Started by Mayor Preston. 

Mayor James H. Preston, of Baltimore, conceived the idea of forming 
a special national organization, with patriotic sentiment as its basis, 
evidencing that patriotism by laying persistent emphasis upon the flag. 
The Mayor concluded that the Star-Spangled Banner Centennial in 
Baltimore presented the opportune time and the opportune place for the 
formation of such an organization. When the matter was brought to 
the attention of the visiting Governors, Mayors, miscellaneous officials 
and other patriotic citizens, who were gathered in Baltimore during the 
Centennial period, the suggestion was received with enthusiastic ap- 
proval. In consequence of this approval, the first or preliminary meet- 
ing was held in the Mayor's Reception Room, City Hall, Baltimore, on 
September 11th. This meeting was called for the purpose of starting a 
charter membership list of the organization, which has become the 
national, or supreme, body. The first meeting was attended by an 
intensely enthusiastic and representative body. 

Ambitious Plans of the Organization. 

The plan of the association is ambitious. It promises to become one 
of the largest and most influential in the country. It is the one organiza- 
tion whose fundamental idea is sufficiently broad and important to 
attract to its membership men and women who desire to be active in the 
development of patriotic work and sentiment. 

(79) 



80 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

CHARTER OF THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIA- 
TION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

rf* ^ r^ »jl r^ 

This is to certify that the subscribers, one of whom, James H. Preston, 
Mayor, is a citizen of the State of Maryland, all being of full age, do 
hereby certify: 

(1) That we do, under and by virtue of the general laws of this State, 
authorizing the formation of corporations, associate ourselves with the 
purpose of forming a corporation. 

(2) That the name of the corporation is the Star-Spangled Banner 
Association of the United States of America. 

(3) That the purposes for which said corporation is formed, and the 
business or objects to be carried on and promoted by it are, love of the 
American flag; to develop its ideals; to guard its sanctity; to weave its 
symbolism more closely into the everyday practical life of the people; to 
commemorate the events which have added lustre to its past history, and 
to teach the character of national life which will perpetuate its future 
glory; to honor the underlying theme of the "Star-Spangled Banner," 
and to memorialize annually on September 14th the patriotism that pro- 
duced it; to teach a sound, sensible, wholesome Americanism, and to 
exemplify by practice what is glorified in theory. 

And that said corporation is formed upon the articles, conditions and 
provisions herein exercised and subject in all particulars to the limita- 
tions relating to corporations which are contained in the general laws 
of this State. 

(4) That the principal office of this corporation will be located in 
Baltimore City, Maryland, the place where happened the historic events 
which occasioned the writing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." 

(5) That this corporation, being a patriotic organization, formed for 
non-business purposes, has no capital stock. 

(6) That the said corporation will be managed by a President, Vice- 
President, Secretary, Corresponding Secretary and Treasurer, one of 
whom is a resident of this State, and who shall serve for the first year, 
or until their successors qualify. 

The President elected at the first session shall appoint a committee of 
five signatories to this proclamation, whose duty shall be to develop, 
within the next six months, the details of a national organization. The 
said plan shall include a series of State and local bodies, which State and 
local bodies shall operate under the jurisdiction of the said national asso- 
ciation. Future membership in the national organization shall be drawn 
from the State and local bodies, according to the terms and conditions 
fixed in the adopted plan. 

If the plan of organization, as developed by said committee, is ap- 
proved by the National President, the same shall be considered adopted. 



CHARTER. 81 

and shall continue as the fundamental law of the national body, unless 
changed by a two-thirds vote of the national association while in regular 
session assembled. 

The National President shall arrange to have said plan properly 
printed, appending thereto a copy of this charter, together with the 
names and given addresses of all charter members; and a copy thereof 
shall be mailed to each and every said charter member. It shall be the 
duty of the national charter members to organize State and local associa- 
tions in conformity with the plans set forth in the above printed form. 

LIST OF CHARTER MEMBERS. 

James H. Preston, Mayor of Baltimore. 

Mrs. Hester Dorsey Richardson, State Historian, Daughters 
American Revolution; National Historian, Order Colonial Lords of 
Manors in America; Historian the Flag Commission of Baltimore, 2127 
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Md. 

Hon. Joseph G. Armstrong, Mayor of Pittsburgh. 

Frank A. Furst, Fidelity Building, Baltimore. - 

B. Howell Griswold, Jr., of Alexander Brown & Sons, bankers, 
Baltimore. 

Jacob W. Hook, Baltimore. 

George B. Jacobs, Mayor, Danville, Pa. 

Henric Edmund Buck, State President, Ohio Society, Sons of the 
American Revolution, Delaware, Ohio. 

S. S. Field, City Solicitor, Baltimore. 

Mrs. S. S. Field, 2420 North Calvert Street, Baltimore. 

George W. Wenzel, Minneapolis. 

Harry S. Byrne, Omaha, Nebraska. 

Mrs. James H. Patton, State Recording Secretary of the Maryland 
Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 

W. E. Lowe, Delegate, McDaniel, Maryland. 

Mrs. Calvin Ferris Troupe, (Hattie Hull Troupe), Relay, Mary- 
land. Reg. Nat., U. S. D. 1812; Reg. Gen. Smallwood Chapter, D. A. R.; 
State Chairman, Children of the Republic. 

Robert E. Lee, Mayor's Secretary, Baltimore. 

Mrs. Harry C. Gaither, (Ida B. Gaither), The Preston, Auditor, 
U. S. D. War of 1812 in Maryland. 

Adolph H. Hecht, 3617 Springdale Avenue, Baltimore. 

E. B. Jermyn, Mayor, Scranton, Pa. 

Mrs. E. B. Jermyn, Scranton, Pa. 

Miss Carolina V. Sudler, Corresponding Secretary, John Eager 
Howard Chapter, D. A. R.; Secretary to "Patriotic Marylander" Booklet. 

Frank Battle Dancy, 718 Washington Place, Baltimore, Delegate 
for North Carolina. 

Mrs. Martha Hindes, 1806 West Street, Wilmington, Delaware. 

Mrs. William D. Bowie, 1021 North Charles Street; Treasurer of 
the Baltimore Chapter, D. A. R. 



82 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

Brigadier-General Charles L. Davis, Schenectady, N. Y. Mem- 
ber Order of the Cincinnati; member Sons American Revolution; Na- 
tional President Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Decla- 
ration of Independence; President Schenectady Historical Society; 
Trustee Nev^r York State Historical Society. 

Mrs. James H. Preston, Baltimore, Maryland, 

Edson Lev^^is, Mount Vernon, Nev/ York. 

Daniel W. Whitmore, Mount Vernon, New York. 

Jacob Epstein, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Wyndham R. Mayo, Mayor, Norfolk, Virginia. 

A. I. Reeves, Helena, Montana. 

Charles Anthony O'Brien, Pittsburgh, Pa., City Solicitor. 

James Edgar Brown, Ashland Block, Chicago, Delegate for Illinois. 

John Hubert, Baltimore, Maryland, President Board of Estimates. 

H. Kent McCay, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Dr. J. D. Iglehart, Former President Maryland Society, War of 
1812, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Henry Stockbridge, Judge, Maryland Court of Appeals, Annapolis, 
Maryland. 

Mrs. John Miller Horton, (Katharine Pratt), Representing City 
of Buffalo, appointed by Mayor Fuhrman. Regent Buffalo Chapter, 
N. S., D. A. R. ; Honorary President, Buffalo City Federation of Women's 
Clubs; Regent Niagara Frontier Buffalo Chapter; National Society 
United States Daughters War of 1812; President Niagara Frontier 
Landmarks Association, Buffalo, N. Y. ; President Women's Board, Cele- 
bration Peace Association. 

Mrs. Beatrice Larned Whitney, Michigan. (Temporary address, 
382 West 87th Street, New York City, N. Y.). National Trustee, N. S. D. 
of 1812; President Founders and Patriots of Michigan. Permanent ad- 
dress, 33 Adams Avenue, East Deti'oit, Michigan. 

M. Lewin Hewes, Hartford, Conn., Delegate City of Hartford. 

R. E. O'Farrell, 339 North Royal Street, Mobile, Alabama. 

Clark Simpson Hobbs, National Ritual Master, Star-Spangled Ban- 
ner Association, 114 Montebello Terrace, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Janet Tustin Hobbs, (Mrs. Clark S.), 114 Montebello Terrace, 
Baltimore, Maryland. 

Joseph H. Hart, Treasurer Allentown Flag Day Association, Allen- 
t wn, Pennsylvania. 

A. Barneveld Bibbins, Chairman, Star-Spangled Banner Centennial 
Committee. 

Mrs. a. Barneveld Bibbins, 2600 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, 
Maryland. 

Albert Levin Richardson, 2127 North Charles Street, Baltimore, 
Maryland. 

Mrs. Robert G. Hogan, Former State Regent, Maryland, D. A. R., 
Catonsville, Maryland. 



CHARTER. 83 

Mrs. Charles E. Rieman, Beard of Managers, Maryland Colonial 
Dames; Chairman Publication Committee, National Society Colon'al 
Dames; Member of Daughters American Revolution; Daughters of War 
of 1812; Daughters of Confederacy, Rodgers Forge, Baltimore County, 
Maryland. 

Miss Elizabeth Chew Williams, Thirty-ninth Street near Univer- 
sity Parkway, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Evelyn Richards Hart (Mrs. W. O. Hart), New Orleans, La. 
Vice-President, U. S. D. of 1776 and 1812, of Louisiana; member Ad- 
visory Board Chapter, Spirit of '76; D. A. R. of Louisiana. 

W. O. Hart, Second Lieutenant Com.mander, Camp Beauregard, No. 
130, S. C. v., New Orleans, La. 

Nellie L. Keating, Scranton, Pennsylvania. 

Wilbur W. Hubbard, Chestertown, Maryland. 

Etta Ross Hubbard (Mrs. Wilbur W.), Chestertown, Maryland. 

Mrs. Charles Bismarck Nelcamp, Ohio State Chairman, Flag Com- 
mittee, D. A. R., Ripley, Ohio, and 1553 East Nineteenth Street, Brook- 
lyn, New York. 

Miss Alice Key Blunt, Honorary State Regent of Maryland, Fran- 
cis Scott Key Chapter, D. A. R. Society, Baltimore, Maryland. 

John P. Walsh, 510 Bay Street, St. Paul, Minnesota. 

Mrs. William A. Buckingham, 1819 Eutaw Street, Baltimore, 
Maryland. Regent of John Eager Howard Chapter. 

John C. Legg, Roland Park, Maryland. 

Mrs. William Reed, President of Maryland Society, Colonial Dames 
of America. 

Mrs. Albert H. Homburg, Glen Burnie, Maryland. Corresponding 
Secretary, U. S. D. of 1812 in Maryland. 

Mrs. Alice Durell Stueck, 59 Reservoir Avenue, Jersey City. 
State Vice-Regent, Daughters of the Revolution. 

K. R. Sternberg, Delegate, Springfield, Massachusetts. 

Miss Harriet P. Marine, 2514 Madison Avenue, Baltimore. Re- 
cording Secretary, National Society, U. S. D. of 1812 in Maryland; His- 
torian General, Smallwood Chapter, D. A. R.; Recording Secretary, 
Children of the American Revolution. 

John E. Potter, Fourth Avenue and Grant Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., 
Director Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania. 

Julia Van Horn (Mrs. J. Albert), 29 Highland Avenue, Jersey 
City, Daughters of 1812, U. S. D. 

Mrs. Arthur Lee Bosley. 1406 Mt. Royal Avenue, Baltimore. State 
Regent, D. A. R. Regent, Baltimore Chapter, D. A. R. 

Mrs. William Gumming Story, President-General, National Society, 
Daughters of the American Revolution, Bay Side, Long Island, New Yoi-k. 

Mrs. Matthew C. Fenton, Corresponding Secretary of Francis 
Scott Key Chapter, D. A. R. 



84 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

Mrs. William Gerry Slade (Emma Slade), President National 
Society of the United States Daughters of 1812, 332 West 87th Street, 
New York City. 

M. Louise Edge, (Miss), First Vice-President U. S. D. of 1812, 
95 Wayne Street, Jersey City, New Jersey. 

Monterey Watson Iglehart, (Mrs. James D.), President National 
Society, United States Daughters of 1812 in Maryland; Regent Francis 
Scott Key Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution. 

Mrs. Livia Simpson-Poffenbarger (Mrs. Judge George Poffen- 
barger). Honorary Life Regent, Colonel Charles Lewis Chapter, D. A. R.; 
Organizing General, Sons and Daughters of Pilgrims, Point Pleasant, 
West Virginia. 

W. P. Steinhaeuser, Asbury Park, New Jersey, Delegate. State 
Vice-President, State Camp of New Jersey, Patriotic Order of America. 

Mrs. Omar S. Decker, 715 Amberson Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Omar S. Decker, 715 Amberson Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Mrs. Herman Stump, Belair, Maryland. 

Mrs. Charles Burt Tozier (Kathleen B.), 2062 East 77th Street, 
Cleveland, Ohio, The Washington. Representing the City of Cleveland; 
Trustee National N. S. U. S. D. of 1812; State President, National So- 
ciety, Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America, Ohio; Ex-Presi- 
dent, N. S., U. S. D. of 1812, Ohio; Founder and First Regent, Commo- 
dore Perry Chapter, U. S. D. of 1812, Cleveland, Ohio; Ex-Regent, West- 
ern Reserve Chapter, D. A. R.; Ex-President, Cleveland Federation 
Women's Clubs; Chairman Women's Organization, Perry's Victory Cen- 
tennial; member Cleveland Commission. 

Lillian R. Goldsborough (Mrs. A. S.), 2712 St. Paul Street, Balti- 
more, Md. 

A. S. Goldsborough, First National Secretary Star-Spangled 
Banner Association; member Sons American Revolution and Sons of 
Revolution, Baltimore. 

Mrs. M. L. Hewes, Hartford, Connecticut. 

Mrs. Robert A. Welsh, Millersville, Maryland, State Vice-Regent, 
D. A. R. 

John Itzel, 110 West 25th Street, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Peter W. Leisenring, Allentown, Pa., President, Allentown Flag- 
Day Association. 

Mrs. George B. Macfarlane, 6176 Berlin Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. 
Chairman Committee "To Prevent Desecration of the Flag," N. S. D. A. R. 

Mrs. Louis N. Wilson, 2843 St. Paul Street, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Mrs. Isaac Wimbert Mohler, Homewood Apartments, Baltimore, 
Maryland. Librarian of the National Society, United States Daughters 
of the War of 1812. Ex-Chapter and State Regent of the Daughters of 
the Revolution. 

John M. Wheeler, 220 East 22nd Street, Baltimore, Maryland. 
Harry A. Remley, 1733 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland. 



CHARTER MEMBERS. 85 

Alvin M. Woolson, 2057 Parkwood Avenue, Toledo, Ohio. Vice- 
President General, The National Society of the Sons of the American 
Revolution. Deputy Governor-General, Society Colonial Wars, Ohio. 
President Soldiers and Sailors' Memorial Association. 

Isaac L. Newman, City Hall, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Minnie Averell Lang, 2206 Barclay Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 
Acting Superintendent of Music, Baltimore. 

John L. Sanford, City Hall, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Mrs. John R. Jacobs, Danville, Pennsylvania. 

Charles R. Miller, Red Oak Road, Wilmington, Delaware. Gov- 
ernor, State of Delaware. 

Mrs. Clarence L. Bleakley, 536 North Broadway, Yonkers, N. Y. 
President-General, Daughters of the Revolution. 

Alfred D. Bernard, Central Savings Bank Building, Baltimore, 
Maryland. President of the Society of the War of 1812. 

Charles F. Henderson, 410 Continental Building, Baltimore, Mary- 
land. Manager, Society War of 1812. 

J. Milton Reifsnider, Westminster, Maryland, Manager, Society 
War of 1812. 

Edward Ferguson Arthurs, 7 East Preston Sti-eet, Baltimore, 
Maryland. Treasurer, Society War of 1812; Treasurer, Sons Ameri- 
can Revolution. 

J. CusTis Handy, 10 South Street, Baltimore, Maryland, Secretary, 
Society War of 1812. 

Drayton M. Hite, 14 East Lexington Street, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Ira H. Houghton, 12 East Lexington Street, Baltimore, Maryland. 

A. D. Rhinesmith, Board of Trade Building, Peoria, Illinois. Illi- 
nois Division, Sons of Veterans, U. S. A. 

Effie Hiatt Van Tuyl, 310 Fifth Avenue, Leavenworth, Kansas. 
Vice-Regent, Kansas Daughters of the American Revolution. 

Mrs. Mary H. S. Johnston, Humboldt, Iowa. State Regent, 
Daughters of the American Revolution. 

Mrs. George T. Guernsey, Independence, Kansas. State Regent, 
Daughters of the American Revolution. 

Mrs. Arthur Smith Isham, 308 Pearl Street, Burlington, Vermont. 
President, U. S. Daughters of 1812 of Vermont. Ex-Regent, Green 
Mountain Chapter, D. A. R. 

Miss Emma Webster Powell, 4023 Washington Avenue, St. Louis, 
Missouri. First Vice-President, Colonial Daughters of the Seventeenth 
Century. Member of the Order of Americans of Armorial Ancestry, 
Organizing Regent for Missouri of Colonial Daughters of America. 
Missouri State President, U. S. D., 1812. Auditor, National U. S. D., 
1812. National Chairman of Peace Celebration Committee. National 
chairman of Star-Spangled Banner Monument Commission. 

Miss Irene B. Martin, 11 South Fifth Street, Allentown, Pa. Re- 
gent of Liberty Bell Chapter, D. A. R., of Allentown, Pennsylvania. 



86 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 

Miss Margaret E. Shafer, 1228 Mt. Royal Avenue, Baltimore, 
Maryland. 

Mrs. Logan H. Rosto, Little Rock, Arkansas. State Chairman of 
Prevention of Desecration of the Flag, D. A. R. 

Mrs. S. p. Davis, Little Rock, Arkansas. Regent of Little Rock 
Chapter, D. A. R. First Vice-Regent, State N. S. D., 1812. 

Mrs. Edward Price, Little Rock, Arkansas. Little Rock Chapter, 
D. A. R. Member of N. S. D., 1812. 

Miss Helen Price, Little Rock, Arkansas. Treasurer of Nickolas 
Headington Chapter, N. S. D., 1812. Member, D. A. R. 

Mrs. Glenville C. Frissell, Box 264, Miami, Florida. State Re- 
gent, D. A. R., Florida. 

William G. Pursel, 100 Market Street, Danville, Pennsylvania. 

Mrs. William G. Pursel, Danville, Pennsylvania. 

Mrs. James F. Maupin, 42 North Court Street, Poi'tsmouth, Virginia. 
State Regent, Daughters of the American Revolution. 

Mrs. Laura Wood Catlin, 343 Farwell Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis- 
consin. Second Vice-President, National Society, U. S. D., 1812. Presi- 
dent National Society, U. S. D. 1812, State of Wisconsin. Member of 
National Society of Colonial Dames of America, State of Wisconsin. 
Member of Colonial Daughters of the 17th Century. Member of 
Daughters of the American Revolution. Member of Founders and Pa- 
triots. Member of Order of Americans of Armorial Ancestry. 

Albert H. Homburg, 100 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Mary- 
land. 

Walter I. Dawkins, Judge Supreme Bench, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Adolph Spamer, 2607 E. Preston Street, Baltimore. 

Albert H. Cooley, First National Bank, Baltimore. 

M. Constance Cooley, 750 Reservoir Street, Baltimore, Maryland. 

Mrs. Samuel Williams Earle, 1358 East 58th Street, Chicago, 
Illinois. State President U. S. Daughters of 1812; Corresponding Secre- 
tary, and ex-Vice-Regent, Chicago Chapter D. A. R. 

William B. Hurst, 3 West Mt. Vernon Place, Baltimore. 

Eugene S. Newbold, 831 Greenmount Avenue, Baltimore. 

Miss Florence G. Finch, Chairman of Magazine Committee, 
Daughters of the American Revolution, 36 Gramercy Pai'k, New York. 

Mrs. George de Benneville Keim, (Elizabeth Archer Thomas), 
Edgewater Park, New Jersey. 

Miss Helen Eliza Canfield Overton, Honorary State Regent, 
D. A. R., Bellefonte, Pa. 



NATIONAL OFFICERS. 87 

FIRST NATIONAL OFFICERS UNDER THE 
GENERAL CHARTER. 

•j» ^ *^ fi^ ^ 

National President, Hon. James H. Preston, Mayor of Baltimore. 

National Vice-Presidents: 

Delaware — Hon. Charles Miller, Wilmington, Governor of Delaware. 
Mrs. Martin A. Hindes, Wilmington, Daughters American Revolution. 

Pennsylvania — Mrs. George de Benneville Keim, Philadelphia. 
John E. Potter, Pittsburgh, Director Historical Society of Western 
Pennsylvania. E. B. Jermyn, Scranton, Mayor. George B. Jacobs, 
Allentown, Mayor. 

New Jersey— Alice Durell Stueck, Jersey City, State Vice-Regent, 
Daughters of Revolution. M. Louise Edge, Jersey City, First Vice- 
President, U. S. D. of 1812. Julia Van Horn, Jersey City, Daughters 
of 1812. 

Connecticut — M. Lewin Hewes, Hartford, Special Commissioner. 

Massachusetts— K. R. Sternberg, Springfield, Mayor's Commissioner. 

Maryland — Judge Henry Stockbridge, Baltimore, Court of Appeals. 
Mrs. Arthur Lee Bosley, Baltimore, State President, Daughters Ameri- 
can Revolution. Alfred D. Bernard, Baltimore, State President, Society 
War of 1812. Miss Alice Key Blunt, Baltimore, Honorary State Regent, 
Daughters American Revolution. Mrs. Hester Dorsey Richardson, i5al- 
timore. Historian Flag Commission of Baltimore. 

Virginia— Hon. Wyndham R. Mayo, Norfolk, Mayor. Mrs. James F. 
Maupin, Portsmouth, State Regent D. A. R. 

New York — Brigadier-General Charles L. Davis, Schenectady, Na- 
tional President, Society Descendants Signers of Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. Mrs. William Gumming Story, Bay Side, L. I., President- 
General, Daughters American Revolution. Mrs. William Gerry Slade, 
New York, National President, Daughters War of 1812. Mrs. Clarence 
L. Bleakley, Yonkers, President-General, Daughters of Revolution. 

Vermont— Mrs. Arthur Smith Isham, Burlington, President, U. S. D. 
of 1812. 

Ohio— Alvin M. Woolson, Toledo, Vice-President-General, National 
Society, Sons of American Revolution. Mrs. Charles Burt Tozier, Cleve- 
land, State President, Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America. 
Mrs. Charles Bismarck Nelcamp, Ripley, State Chairman, Flag Com- 
mittee, D. A. R. Henrie Edmund Buck, Delaware, State President, 
Sons American Revolution. 



88 



STAR-SPANGLED BANNER ASSOCIATION. 



Louisiana— W. O. Hart, New Orleans, Society Confederate Veterans. 

Illinois— J Edgar Brown, Chicago, State Commissioner. A. D. 
Rhinesmith, Peoria, Sons of Veterans. Mrs. Williams Earle, Chicago, 
State President, U. S. D. 1812. 

Alabama— R. E. O'Farrell, Mobile. 

Missouri— Mrs. George B. McFarlane, St. Louis, Chairman Committee 
to Prevent Desecration of Flag, D. A. R. Miss Emma Webster Powell, 
St. Louis, State President, U. S. D. of 1812. 

Arkansas— Mrs. Logan H. Rosto, Little Rock, State Chairman, Com- 
mittee to Prevent Desecration of Flag, D. A. R. Mrs. Edward Price, 
Little Rock, Daughters of American Revolution, 

Michigan— Mrs. Beatrice Larned Whitney, Detroit, President 
Founders and Patriots of Michigan. 

Florida— Mrs. Glenville C. Frissell, Miami, State Regent, Daughters 
American Revolution. 

Iowa— Mrs. Mary H. S. Johnston, Humboldt, State Regent, Daughters 
American Revolution. 

Wisconsin — Mrs. Laura Wood Catlin, Milwaukee, Second Vice-Presi- 
dent, U. S. D. of 1812. 

Minnesota— John P. Walsh, St. Paul. Geo. W. Wenzel, Minneapolis. 

Kansas — Mrs. George T. Guernsey, Independence, State Regent, 
Daughters of American Revolution. Mrs. Effie Hiatt Van Tuyl, Leaven- 
worth, State Vice-Regent, Daughters of American Revolution. 

West Virginia — Mrs. Livia Simpson-Poffenbarger, Point Pleasant, 
Organizing President, Sons and Daughters of Pilgrims. 

Nebraska — Harry S. Byrne, Omaha. ^ 

Montana — A. I. Reeves, Helena. 

National Secretary, A. S. Goldsborough, City Hall, Baltimore, Md. 

National Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. J. D. Iglehart, 211 West 
Lanvale Street, Baltimore. 

National Treasurer, J. Edgar Brown, Ashland Block, Chicago, 111. 

National Ritual Master, Clark Simpson Hobbs, 114 Montebello 
Terrace, Baltimore, Maryland. 



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